Caspian Sea - Kaspiyskoe More

Japanese: カスピ海 - かすぴかい(英語表記)Каспийское Море/Kaspiyskoe More
Caspian Sea - Kaspiyskoe More

The world's largest lake (salt lake), stretching from the Caucasus in western Central Asia to northern Iran. English name: Caspian Sea. It is bounded by the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Turkmenistan from north to east, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan from north to west, and Iran to the south. Its area is 371,000 square kilometers, its length from north to south is 1,200 kilometers, and its average width from east to west is 300 kilometers. The Mangyshlak Peninsula juts out from the north of the east coast, and the Apsheron Peninsula juts out from the south of the west coast, giving the lake an almost S-shaped shape. The total length of the shoreline is about 7,000 kilometers, with few bends. The water temperature varies significantly from north to south in winter, with the southern part remaining at around 13°C, while the northern part is below 0°C, and one-third of the northern part freezes over. In summer, the water temperature is almost constant at 25-28°C.

Like the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea was part of the Sarmat Sea until the Tertiary Period of the Cenozoic Era. Crustal movements caused the northern part of the lake to become the Russian Plateau, while the southern part to become a Tertiary geosyncline, with a tectonic line running across them and storing the lake water. As a result, the northern lake basin is shallow and dish-shaped, and the inflow of large rivers such as the Volga and Ural has developed a delta, resulting in a water depth of less than 10 meters. In contrast, the central and southern parts have an average depth of more than 200 meters, with the deepest part reaching 1,025 meters. The lake water is salty (average salinity 12.6) and contains a large amount of sodium sulfate. The lake surface is low, 28 meters below sea level, and is still dropping. The cause is said to be the intense evaporation of the lake water and the lack of water from the inflowing rivers. Reed-covered marshes and bare areas with solidified salt have expanded all over the lake shore, causing the lake's area to gradually decrease, which is also having a negative impact on weather conditions. In order to prevent environmental deterioration due to the drop in lake levels, a large-scale comprehensive plan was drawn up, which included: (1) introducing the Amu Darya, which flows into the Aral Sea; (2) changing the course of the Pechora River, which flows into the Barents Sea, and incorporating it into the Volga River system in order to increase the water volume of the river; and (3) expanding green areas through reforestation.

Located halfway between Europe and Asia, the lake has played an important role since ancient times in the movement of peoples and goods, as a waterway along the surrounding Amu Darya and Volga rivers, and as a land route along the coast. Even today, the lake surface is an important waterway for neighboring countries, and is used actively for the transportation of goods such as oil, timber, grain, cotton, and ammonium sulfate. Major ports include Baku, Astrakhan, and Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk). The fishing industry is also active, and the area is known for its catches of sturgeon and herring, as well as for the habitat of Caspian seals.

[Takeharu Komiyama]

[References] | Apsheron Peninsula | Aral Sea | Caspian seal | Mangyshlak Peninsula

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中央アジア西部のカフカスからイラン北部にかけて広がる世界最大の湖(塩湖)。英語名Caspian Sea。北から東にかけてはカザフスタン共和国とトルクメニスタン共和国、北から西にかけてはロシア連邦とアゼルバイジャン共和国、南はイランに囲まれる。面積37万1000平方キロメートル、南北長1200キロメートル、東西幅平均300キロメートル。東岸の北寄りにマンギシュラク半島が、西岸の南寄りにアプシェロン半島が突出し、湖の形状はほぼS字型にくびれている。湖岸線の全長は約7000キロメートルで、屈曲が少ない。水温は、冬季には南北で著しい差があり、南部は13℃前後を保つのに対し、北部は0℃以下で、北の3分の1は結氷する。夏季には水温はほぼ一定し、25~28℃である。

 カスピ海はアラル海と同じく、新生代第三紀まではサルマート海の一部であった。地殻変動によって、湖の北部はロシア卓状地、南部は第三系の地向斜となり、それらを縦断して構造線が走り、湖水が蓄えられたとされる。そのため北部の湖盆は皿状で浅く、さらにボルガ、ウラルなどの大河川の流入によって三角州が発達し、水深は10メートル以下である。それに対し、中南部では平均水深200メートル以上で、最深部は1025メートルにもなる。湖水は塩分を含み(平均塩分濃度12.6)、硫酸ナトリウムの量が多い。湖面標高は海面下28メートルと低く、現在も低下し続けている。その原因は、湖水の激しい蒸発と、流入河川の水量不足によるといわれる。湖岸一帯に、アシの生える湿地帯や塩分の固まった裸地帯が拡大して、湖の面積がしだいに減少し、気象条件にも悪影響が出ている。湖面低下による環境悪化を防ぐために、(1)アラル海に流入するアムダリヤを導入する、(2)バレンツ海に流入するペチョラ川の流路を変更してボルガ川水系に組み入れ、同川の水量増大を図る、(3)植林によって緑地を拡大するなど、大規模な総合プランがたてられた。

 ヨーロッパとアジアの中間にあるため、周辺のアムダリヤやボルガ川を含めた水上交通路として、また沿岸部は陸上交通路として、古来、民族、物資の移動に重要な役割を果たしてきた。現在も湖面は周辺諸国の重要な水上交通路で、石油、木材、穀物、綿花、硫安などの物資の輸送が盛んである。主要港としてバクー、アストラハン、トルクメンバシ(旧称クラスノボーツク)がある。漁業も活発で、チョウザメ、ニシンなどの漁獲がよく知られ、カスピカイアザラシなどの生息でも知られている。

[小宮山武治]

[参照項目] | アプシェロン半島 | アラル海 | カスピカイアザラシ | マンギシュラク半島

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