Fraser, Malcolm

Japanese: フレーザー（英語表記）Fraser, Malcolm
Fraser, Malcolm
Born: 21 May 1930, Melbourne
[Died] March 20, 2015.
Australian politician. Prime Minister (1975-83). Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia. Full name John Malcolm Fraser. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, and was elected as a Liberal Party candidate in 1955. He served as Minister for Army (1966-68), Minister for Education and Science (1968-69, 1971-72), and Minister for Defence (1969-71) in the Liberal Party-National Party coalition government. In March 1975, he won the leadership of the Liberal Party, and was appointed Prime Minister in November 1975, when Gough Whitlam, the Prime Minister of the Labor Party government, was dismissed. In the December election of that year, the Liberal Party and National National Party won a landslide victory, solidifying his position as Prime Minister, and re-establishing a coalition government of the two parties. In order to curb inflation, he implemented measures such as cutting government spending and preventing union demands for large wage increases. He also emphasized Australia's defense responsibilities under the ANZUS Treaty. The Fraser Government won elections in 1977 and 1980, but was defeated by the Labor Party in the March 1983 election. Fraser immediately stepped down as leader and soon resigned from his seat in Parliament.

Fraser
Frazer, Sir James George

Born: January 1, 1854, Glasgow
[died] May 7, 1941. Cambridge. British anthropologist, ethnologist, and classical philologist. Educated at the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge, and became professor of social anthropology at Cambridge in 1907. Influenced by E. Tylor and WR Smith, he developed an interest in comparative religion, and published The Golden Bough (3rd edition, 12 volumes, 1907-15, abridged edition, 1 volume, 22) in 1890. He distinguished between magic and religion, and staged the development of ways of thinking from magic to religion to science. His research was entirely based on literature, and its arbitrariness due to the lack of fieldwork is often pointed out. However, his contributions to a wide range of fields, including literature and anthropology, won him numerous awards, and he was knighted in 1914. His other works include Totemism and Exogamy (1910) and Folk-Lore in the Old Testament (18).

Fraser
Fraser, Simon

Born: 1776. Bennington, New York
Died April 19, 1862. St. Andrews, Upper Canada. Canadian fur trader and explorer. Born into a Loyalist family, he immigrated to Canada in 1784. In 1892 he joined the North West Company, and from 1805 was in charge of the fur trade west of the Rocky Mountains. He tried to find a trade route to the Pacific Ocean, and in 1808 he descended the Fraser River, which was named after him. In 1811 he was put in charge of the area around the Red River, and came into conflict with the Red River Colony, which was supported by the rival Hudson's Bay Company. He was suspected of being involved in the Seven Oaks Massacre in 1816, and was put on trial, but was found not guilty. In 1818 he retired from the fur trade and exploration.

Fraser
Fraser, Peter

Born: August 28, 1884. Ross Cromarty, Fern
[Died] December 12, 1950. Wellington. Born in England, New Zealand politician. The son of a shoemaker, he apprenticed as a carpenter before moving to New Zealand in 1910 and becoming a dock worker. He joined the labour movement and helped found the Labour Party. In 1918 he was a member of parliament. From 1933 to 1940 he was deputy leader of the Labour Party. From 1935 to 1940 he served as Minister for Police, Minister for Education and Minister for Health under Prime Minister M. Savage, and was particularly devoted to social security. After Savage's death in April 1940, he became Prime Minister. He led New Zealand during and immediately after World War II, and was active in the founding conference of the United Nations in 1945 and the UN General Assembly in 1946. He lost the election in 1949 and stepped down from office.

Fraser
Fraser, George Sutherland

Born: November 8, 1915, Glasgow
[Died] January 3, 1980
British poet and critic. Lecturer in English literature at the University of Leicester. He started out as a "neo-apocalyptic" poet in reaction to the political trends of the 1930s, and visited Japan as a British cultural envoy after World War II. His lectures at the University of Tokyo and elsewhere resulted in The Modern Writer and His World (1953). In addition to collections of poems such as Home Town Elegy (1944), he also published a collection of essays, Vision and Rhetoric (1959), as well as essays on Yeats and Pound, and impressions of Japan.

Fraser
Fraser, Bruce Austin, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape

Born: February 5, 1888, Moruji
[Died] February 12, 1981. London. British naval officer. Joined the navy in 1902, and served as a gunnery officer in World War I. Became Chief of the Naval Ordnance Department in 1933, and worked hard to expand the navy in World War II. In December 1943, he served on the flagship Duke of York, where he sank the German battleship Scharnhorst off the coast of North Cape, Norway. In 1944, he commanded the British Pacific Fleet as an admiral, and in September 1945, he signed the document of Japan's unconditional surrender in Tokyo Bay. He was created a peer in 1946, a field marshal in 1948, and chairman of the Naval Headquarters (Chief of the Naval Staff) from 1948 to 1951.

Fraser
Fraser, Claude Lovat

Born: May 15, 1890, London
[Died] June 18, 1921. Sandgate British painter and stage designer. Known for his fantastical and romantic stage sets, he was active in the fields of drama, ballet, and opera. His representative works include the sets for As You Like It and The Beggar's Opera at the Lyric Theatre in 1920.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1930.5.21. メルボルン
[没]2015.3.20.
オーストラリアの政治家。首相（在任 1975～83）。オーストラリア自由党党首。フルネーム John Malcolm Fraser。オックスフォード大学モードリン・カレッジに学び，1955年に自由党から立候補して国会議員に選出された。自由党と地方党（→オーストラリア国民党）の連立政権で陸軍大臣（1966～68），教育科学大臣（1968～69，1971～72），国防大臣（1969～71）を歴任。1975年3月に自由党の党首選挙で当選し，オーストラリア労働党政権のガフ・ホイットラム首相が罷免された 1975年11月，首相に指名され就任した。同年 12月の選挙で自由党と国民地方党が大勝したことにより首相としての地歩を固め，両党の連立内閣を再度組織した。インフレーション抑制のため，歳出の削減，労働組合の大幅な賃上げ要求の阻止などの措置を講じた。またアンザス条約のもとでオーストラリアの防衛上の責務を重視した。フレーザー政権は 1977年と 1980年の選挙にも勝利したが，1983年3月の選挙で労働党に敗れた。フレーザーはただちに党首の座を退き，まもなく国会議員も辞職した。

フレーザー
Frazer， Sir James George

[生]1854.1.1. グラスゴー
[没]1941.5.7. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの人類学者，民族学者，古典文献学者。グラスゴー，ケンブリッジの各大学に学び，1907年ケンブリッジ大学社会人類学教授。 E.タイラーや W. R.スミスの影響で比較宗教学的関心をいだき，1890年『金枝篇』 The Golden Bough (3版，12巻，1907～15，省略版，1巻，22) を出版，呪術と宗教を区別して，思考様式の発展を呪術→宗教→科学と段階づけた。その研究はすべて文献に基づいたものであり，フィールドワークの欠落によるその恣意性がしばしば指摘される。しかし文学と人類学の広い範囲で果した貢献は大きく，数々の賞を得，1914年にナイトの称号を与えられた。ほかに『トーテミズムと外婚制』 Totemism and Exogamy (1910) ，『旧約聖書のフォークロア』 Folk-Lore in the Old Testament (18) など。

フレーザー
Fraser， Simon

[生]1776. ニューヨーク，ベニントン
[没]1862.4.19. アッパーカナダ，セントアンドルーズ
カナダの毛皮商人，探検家。王党派 (ロイヤリスト ) の家に生れ，1784年カナダに移住。 92年に北西会社に入社し，1805年よりロッキー山脈以西の毛皮交易を担当。太平洋への交易路の発見に努力していた彼は，08年フレーザー川を下降。この川に彼の名が冠された。 11年レッド川周辺を担当することになり，敵対するハドソン湾会社の支援するレッドリバー植民地と衝突，16年のセブンオークスの虐殺への加担を疑われ，裁判にかけられたが，無罪となった。 18年に毛皮交易，探検より引退。

フレーザー
Fraser， Peter

[生]1884.8.28. ロス・クロマーティ，ファーン
[没]1950.12.12. ウェリントン
イギリス生れのニュージーランドの政治家。靴屋の子に生れ，大工の弟子を経て 1910年ニュージーランドに移住，港湾労働者となった。労働運動に入り，労働党結成に参画。 18年国会議員。 33～40年労働党副党首。 35～40年 M.サベージ首相のもとで警察相，文相，厚相を歴任，特に社会保障に力を尽した。 40年4月サベージの死後，首相。第2次世界大戦下および戦争直後のニュージーランドを指導。 45年の国際連合創設会議，46年の国連総会などで活躍。 49年選挙に敗れ下野した。

フレーザー
Fraser， George Sutherland

[生]1915.11.8. グラスゴー
[没]1980.1.3
イギリスの詩人，批評家。レスター大学英文学講師。 1930年代の政治的傾向に反発する「新黙示派」の詩人として出発，第2次世界大戦後イギリスの文化使節として訪日，東京大学その他での講義が『現代作家とその世界』 The Modern Writer and His World (1953) となった。『故郷の哀歌』 Home Town Elegy (1944) などの詩集のほか，評論集『幻想と修辞』 Vision and Rhetoric (1959) ，イェーツ論，パウンド論，日本印象記などがある。

フレーザー
Fraser， Bruce Austin， 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape

[生]1888.2.5. モルージ
[没]1981.2.12. ロンドン
イギリスの海軍軍人。 1902年海軍に入り，第1次世界大戦には砲術将校として活躍。 33年に海軍軍需品部長となり，第2次世界大戦では海軍の拡張に尽力。 43年 12月旗艦『デューク・オブ・ヨーク』に乗船，ドイツ戦艦『シャルンホルスト』をノルウェーのノースケープ沖で撃沈した。 44年海軍大将としてイギリス太平洋艦隊を指揮し，45年9月東京湾上で日本の無条件降伏の書類に調印。 46年貴族に列せられ，48年元帥，48～51年海軍本部委員長 (軍令部長) 。

フレーザー
Fraser， Claude Lovat

[生]1890.5.15. ロンドン
[没]1921.6.18. サンドゲイト
イギリスの画家，舞台美術家。幻想的でロマンチックな舞台装置で知られ，ドラマ，バレエ，オペラの各分野で活躍。代表作は 1920年のリリック劇場における『お気に召すまま』『乞食オペラ』の装置。

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