Smoke - Enmu

Japanese: 煙霧 - えんむ
Smoke - Enmu

Fine dust or smoke particles blown up from the ground and suspended in the atmosphere. It also refers to the phenomenon in which distant scenery becomes obscured due to them. In meteorological observation terminology, haze is not fog. When it is clear that it is fine dust blown up from the ground, it is called dust haze, when it is clear that it is smoke produced by combustion, it is simply called smoke, and anything that cannot be distinguished as either is called haze. The thickness of haze depends on the visibility of distant scenery, but when there is no haze, a mountain 50 kilometers away can be seen, but when there is haze, the distant mountain looks vague and hazy, whitish.

When looking toward the horizon from the ground when the sky is clear and blue, the sky may appear blue above a certain height, and whitish or brownish and murky below. This is because haze gradually spreads from the ground into the sky, reaching the bottom of the temperature inversion layer in the upper atmosphere. Such a haze layer is usually around 1,000 meters high. In urban areas, haze is often generated by smoke from factories and other sources. Therefore, the density of the haze can also be used as an indicator of the level of air pollution. There is a correlation between human activity and the deterioration of visibility caused by haze.

[Masaji Ota]

[Reference] | Air pollution

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地面から吹き上げられて大気中に浮かんでいる細塵(さいじん)や煙の粒子。またそれらのために遠方の風景がはっきり見えなくなる現象をもいう。気象観測上の用語で、煙霧は霧ではない。地面から吹き上げられた細塵であることがはっきりしている場合には塵煙霧(ちりえんむ)、燃焼によって生じた煙であることがはっきりしている場合には単に煙といい、そのいずれとも判別できないものを煙霧とよんでいる。煙霧の濃さは遠景の見えぐあいによって決まるが、煙霧のまったくないときには、50キロメートル遠方の山が見えるが、煙霧があると遠方の山はぼんやりとかすんで白っぽく見える。

 空が青く晴れているときに地上から水平線の方向を見ると、空のある高さから上は青く、その下は白っぽくあるいは茶色っぽく濁って見えることがある。これは、煙霧が地上からだんだん上空に広がって、上空の気温の逆転層の底まで届いたためである。このような煙霧層の高さは普通1000メートル前後である。市街地などでは、煙霧は工場などから出る煙がもとになって発生することが多い。したがって煙霧の濃さは、大気汚染の程度の指標にもなる。人間活動と煙霧による視程の悪化とは相関がある。

[大田正次]

[参照項目] | 大気汚染

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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