Poulenc - Francis Poulenc

Japanese: プーランク - ぷーらんく(英語表記)Francis Poulenc
Poulenc - Francis Poulenc

French composer. Born in Paris. He began piano lessons from his mother at the age of five. From the age of fifteen, he studied under Spanish pianist R. Viñes, and was close friends with many musicians, including Satie, Milhaud, and Honegger. In 1917, he made his debut as a composer with the song "Rhapsodie le negro". He served in the military from 1918 to 1921, but during this time he composed piano pieces such as "Three Perpetuals" (1918), "Sonata for Piano with Four Hands" (1918), and his first collection of songs "Poemes des Animais" (1919). In 1921, he co-wrote the ballet "Bride and Groom of the Eiffel Tower" with the "Group of Six," which also included Auric, Duret, Milhaud, Honegger, and Tailleferre, and premiered at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. From 1921 to 1924, he studied under C. Koechlin. In 1924, the ballet The Doe, which he composed at the request of Diaghilev, premiered at the Théâtre de Monte Carlo and was a great success. In the 1930s, the death of a friend prompted him to begin writing religious choral music. During World War II, he participated in the Resistance movement in occupied Paris by composing songs to poems by Éluard and Aragon. In 1947, his opera The Breasts of Tiresias, based on a play by Apollinaire, was performed at the Opéra-Comique to great acclaim. In 1948, he visited America with baritone singer Bernac and was enthusiastically welcomed. His later representative works include the opera Dialogues of the Carmelites (1956) and the one-act monodrama Voice of Man (1958), with a libretto by Cocteau. He died in Paris.

Influenced by Satie, who valued simplicity and clarity, and the neoclassicist Stravinsky, Poulenc aimed to create music based on the true French tradition. His music is full of refined sensibility, light wit, and humor, and is rich in fresh poetic emotion. In particular, in the field of song, he inherited the tradition of Fauré, and in choral music, he established a unique realm that added religious feelings and sublimity. Other major works include the ballet "Exemplary Animals" (1941), "Pastoral Concertos" for clubs and orchestra (1928), "Mass" (1937), the cantata "L'amour d'amour" (1943), "Stabat Mater" (1950), and "Gloria" (1959), as well as many chamber music, piano pieces, and songs.

[Terada Kanefumi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの作曲家。パリ生まれ。5歳で母親からピアノの手ほどきを受ける。15歳からスペインのピアノ奏者、R・ビニェスに師事するとともに、サティ、ミヨー、オネゲルなど多くの音楽家と親しく交わる。1917年、歌曲『黒人の狂詩曲』で作曲家としてデビュー。18~21年兵役に服すが、この期間にもピアノ曲『三つの常動曲』(1918)、『四手ピアノのためのソナタ』(1918)、最初の歌曲集『動物詩集』(1919)などを作曲。21年、彼にオーリック、デュレー、ミヨー、オネゲル、タイユフェールを加えた「6人組」の共作バレエ『エッフェル塔の花嫁花婿』がシャンゼリゼ劇場で初演される。21~24年C・ケクランに師事。24年、ディアギレフの依頼で作曲したバレエ『牝鹿(めじか)』がモンテ・カルロ劇場で初演され、大成功を収める。30年代には、友人の死を契機として宗教的合唱曲を書き始める。第二次世界大戦中は、占領下のパリでエリュアール、アラゴンの詩などへの歌曲の創作を通じてレジスタンス運動に参加。47年、アポリネールの戯曲に基づくオペラ『ティレシアスの乳房』がオペラ・コミック座で上演され好評を博す。48年、バリトン歌手ベルナックとアメリカを訪れ、熱狂的歓迎を受ける。その後の代表作にオペラ『カルメル会修道女の対話』(1956)、コクトー台本による一幕のモノドラマ『人間の声』(1958)などがある。パリに没。

 プーランクは、単純さや明晰(めいせき)さを重んじたサティや、新古典主義者ストラビンスキーなどの影響の下に、真のフランス的伝統に立脚した音楽の創造を目ざした。その音楽は洗練された感性と軽快な機知とユーモアにあふれ、みずみずしい詩的情緒をたたえている。とくに、歌曲の領域ではフォーレたちの伝統を受け継ぎ、また合唱音楽においては宗教的感情や崇高さが加わった独自の境地を打ち立てている。上記以外の主要作品としては、バレエ『模範的な動物たち』(1941)、クラブサンとオーケストラのための『田園の合奏』(1928)、『ミサ曲』(1937)、カンタータ『人間の顔』(1943)、『スターバト・マーテル』(1950)、『グローリア』(1959)などがあり、そのほか室内楽曲、ピアノ曲、歌曲も多い。

[寺田兼文]

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