Period - Kikan

Japanese: 期間 - きかん
Period - Kikan

It refers to a continuous division of time from one point to another. A legal period is not the only legal requirement, but the expiration of a period often produces important legal effects. There are various periods stipulated by law, and many of them are very important, such as the period of disappearance, the period of notice, the period of limitation, and the period of exclusion in the Civil Code, the period for submitting preparatory briefs, the period for appeal, and the period for retrial in the Code of Civil Procedure, the period for filing a complaint, the period for filing an appeal, and the period for detention in the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the period for review, objection, and statute of limitations in the Code of Administrative Litigation.

When a statute, court order or legal act does not prescribe the method of calculation of a period, the Civil Code provides the following supplementary method of calculation of periods:

(1) The method of calculating a period in units of hours, minutes, and seconds is in accordance with the natural arithmetic method, with the instantaneous moment being the starting point (Civil Code Article 139) and the time when the specified hours, minutes, and seconds have ended being the expiration point.

(2) In the case of days, weeks, months, or years, if the period starts at midnight, the first day of the period shall be the starting point, otherwise the next day shall be the starting point (Article 140 of the same law). However, the "Law on Age Calculation" and family registers, etc., include the first day in the calculation.

(3) When a period is defined in terms of days, weeks, months, or years, the expiration point shall be the end of the last day of the period (Article 141 of the same Act).

(4) The last day of a period shall be calculated according to the calendar (Article 143, Paragraph 1 of the same Act), and if the period is not calculated from the first day of a week, month, or year, the last day of the period shall be the day before the day corresponding to the starting day in the last week, month, or year (Article 143, Paragraph 2 of the same Act). For example, if the period is two months from March 10, it will expire on May 9, regardless of the number of days in between.

This method of calculating periods in the Civil Code is understood to apply not only to private law relationships but also to public law relationships. Note that legally, there is a difference between period and deadline.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Periods in litigation law

There are some special provisions regarding periods under procedural law. Periods as the passage of time are divided into a period for action and a grace period (also called an intermediate period or a period of inaction), and the start dates and lengths of these are determined by statutory periods and arbitration periods.

Under the Civil Procedure Act, grace periods include the period during which service by public notice becomes effective (Civil Procedure Act Article 112), while periods for action include the period for submitting preparatory briefs (Civil Procedure Act Article 162), the period for appeal (Civil Procedure Act Articles 285 and 313), and the period for retrial (Civil Procedure Act Article 342). With regard to statutory periods and arbitration periods, the former can always be changed, while the latter can be changed depending on the circumstances. However, this does not apply to immutable periods (Civil Procedure Act Article 96, Paragraph 1). Immutable periods are always clearly stated (e.g., appeal period - Civil Procedure Act Article 285). Periods are calculated according to the Civil Code (Civil Procedure Act Article 95, Paragraph 1).

In addition, while litigation proceedings are suspended or discontinued, the progression of the period will be halted, and after the suspension or discontinuance, the entire period will begin again (Article 132, Paragraph 2 of the same Act).

In the Criminal Procedure Code, the calculation of a period is based on time, as in the Civil Code, and the first day is not included in the calculation of periods based on days, months, or years, and months and years are calculated according to the calendar. However, the prescription period is calculated from the first day regardless of the time (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 55). The statutory period can be extended as provided for by the court rules, but this does not apply to the period for filing an appeal (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 56, Paragraphs 1 and 2).

In addition, other than procedural law, there are many cases where there are provisions for special calculation of periods, such as the Penal Code (Articles 22 to 24), the Land Expropriation Act (Article 135), the National Tax General Law (Article 10), the Patent Act (Article 3), and the Bills and Exchange Act (Article 36).

[Ichiro Uchida]

[Reference items] | Deadline | Appeal | Detention | Charge | Statute of Limitations | Suspension of Execution | Declaration of Disappearance | Statute of Limitations | Statute of Limitations | Service

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある時点から他の時点に至る継続した時の区分をいう。法律上の期間は、それだけが法律要件とされることはないが、期間の満了によって、重要な法律効果が生じることとなる場合が多い。法律の定める期間には種々のものがあるが、たとえば、民法では、失踪(しっそう)期間、催告期間、時効期間、除斥期間など、民事訴訟法では、準備書面提出期間、上訴期間、再審期間など、刑事訴訟法では、告訴期間、上訴申立て期間、勾留(こうりゅう)期間など、行政訴訟法では、審査請求期間、異議申立て期間、出訴期間など、きわめて重要なものが多い。

 法令、裁判所の命令または法律行為において期間の計算方法を定めなかったときのために、民法は補完的に期間の計算方法を以下のように定めた。

(1)時・分・秒を単位とする期間の計算方法は、自然的計算方法に従って、即時を起算点とし(民法139条)、定められた時・分・秒の終了した時を満了点とする。

(2)日・週・月・年を単位とする場合には、当該期間が午前0時から始まる場合にはその初日を、そうでない場合にはその翌日を、それぞれ起算点とする(同法140条)。ただし、「年齢計算に関する法律」、戸籍などは初日を算入する。

(3)期間を日・週・月または年をもって定めたときは、期間の末日の終了を満了点とする(同法141条)。

(4)何が期間の末日となるかについては、暦に従って計算するものとし(同法143条1項)、週・月・年の初日から期間を計算するのでない場合には、最後の週・月・年においてその起算日に応当する日の前日を期間の末日とする(同法143条2項)。たとえば、3月10日から2か月という場合は、途中の日数に関係なく5月9日に期間が満了する。

 このような民法の期間計算法は、私法関係だけでなく、公法関係にも適用されると解されている。なお、法律上、期間と期限は異なる。

[淡路剛久]

訴訟法における期間

訴訟法上の期間については、若干の特別規定がある。時間の経過としての期間として、行為期間と猶予期間(中間期間、不行為期間ともいう)に分けられ、これらの始期、長さの定め方について、法定期間と裁定期間とがある。

 民事訴訟法上、猶予期間には、公示送達の効力発生期間(民事訴訟法112条)などがあり、行為期間には、準備書面提出期間(同法162条)、上訴期間(同法285条、313条)、再審期間(同法342条)などがある。法定期間、裁定期間については、前者はつねに、後者は事情により変更することができる。ただし、不変期間はこの限りでない(同法96条1項)。不変期間はかならず明示される(例、控訴期間―同法285条)。期間の計算は民法による(民事訴訟法95条1項)。

 なお、訴訟手続の中断・中止の間は、期間の進行は停止し、その解消後、新たに全期間が進行を始める(同法132条2項)。

 刑事訴訟法上、期間の計算について、時で計算するものは民法と同様、即時から起算し、日・月・年で起算するものは初日を算入せず、月および年は暦に従って計算する。ただし、時効期間だけは時間にかかわらず、初日を1日として計算する(刑事訴訟法55条)。法定期間は、裁判所の規則で定めるところにより延長できるが、上訴提起期間には適用されない(同法56条1項・2項)。

 なお、訴訟法以外でも、刑法(22条~24条)、土地収用法(135条)、国税通則法(10条)、特許法(3条)、手形法(36条)など、期間の計算の特例について規定を置く例も多い。

[内田一郎]

[参照項目] | 期限 | 控訴 | 勾留 | 告訴 | 時効 | 執行猶予 | 失踪宣告 | 出訴期間 | 除斥期間 | 送達

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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