Born: April 23, 1858, Kiel [Died] October 4, 1947, Göttingen. German theoretical physicist. Studied at the universities of Munich and Berlin, and was supervised by Helmholtz and Kirchhoff. He was a lecturer at the University of Munich (1880) and a professor at the University of Kiel (85). In 1889, he moved to the University of Berlin, where he became a professor (92) and rector (1913). He was a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1894) and its secretary (1912). He was elected to the Royal Society in London and other academies of science in various countries. He was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (named after him after World War II as the Max Planck Institute) (30). He studied thermodynamics, especially the problem of thermal radiation and absorption by black bodies, and in 1900 proposed the energy quantum hypothesis, which states that energy takes on a discontinuous series of integer multiples of a certain minimum quantity (the action quantum or Planck constant) to explain the energy distribution of radiation. This idea was the direct catalyst for the subsequent development of quantum mechanics. He is also known for his fierce debate from a realist perspective against the positivism of E. Mach and others. In 1918, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. His main works are Das Weltbild der neuen Physik (29) and Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnis (33). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1858.4.23. キール [没]1947.10.4. ゲッティンゲン ドイツの理論物理学者。ミュンヘン,ベルリン両大学に学び,H.ヘルムホルツ,G.キルヒホフの指導を受ける。ミュンヘン大学講師 (1880) ,キール大学教授 (85) 。 1889年ベルリン大学に移り,同大学教授 (92) ,同大学総長 (1913) 。プロシア科学アカデミー会員 (1894) ,同書記 (1912) 。ロンドンのロイヤル・ソサエティはじめ諸外国の科学アカデミー会員に選ばれた。カイザー・ウィルヘルム研究所 (第2次世界大戦後,彼の名を記念してマックス・プランク研究所 ) 所長 (30) 。熱力学,ことに黒体の熱放射・吸収の問題を研究し,1900年放射線のエネルギー分布を説明するために,エネルギーはある最小量 (作用量子あるいはプランク定数 ) の整数倍の値を非連続的にとるというエネルギー量子仮説を提唱した。この考えは,その後の量子力学発展の直接のきっかけとなった。また,E.マッハたちの実証主義に対して,実在論的立場から激しい論争を展開したことでも知られている。 18年ノーベル物理学賞受賞。主著『新しい物理学の世界像』 Das Weltbild der neuen Physik (29) ,『物理学的認識への道』 Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnis (33) 。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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