A celestial body with a surface (called the event horizon) from which nothing, including light, can escape due to its strong gravity. When observing a black hole, no light, radio waves, or X-rays are emitted, so it appears as a completely black hole in the background radiation of the universe. The first element that characterizes a black hole is its gravitational mass, and realistic examples include 1. a black hole with about 10 times the mass of the sun (2 x 1033 g), 2. a supermassive black hole with about 1 to 100 million times the mass of the sun, and a mini black hole with about 310 billion tons. The size of the black hole, i.e. the area of the event horizon, is determined according to this mass, and in the above cases, it is about 10 km square, 10 million to 1 billion km square, and 1/10 trillion cm square, respectively. Black holes with about 10 times the mass of the sun are created as the final stage of the evolution of stars. Stars support their own contraction due to gravity with the binding energy released by internal nuclear fusion reactions. As the nuclear fusion reaction progresses, the fuel for fusion is eventually used up and the core becomes an iron nucleus. At this stage, the star can no longer support itself and begins to shrink due to gravity. If the mass of the core of the star is not very large, at some point the contraction changes to repulsion, the outer layer of the star is blown off (supernova explosion), and a neutron star remains at the center. However, if the mass of the star is large, more than 10 times the mass of the sun, the outer layer is not blown off and falls toward the neutron star at the center. In other words, it continues to shrink indefinitely, and eventually becomes a black hole. It is thought that the X-ray star Cygnus X-1, discovered in Cygnus, is a black hole that was created in this way. Black holes with masses of 1 million to 100 million times the mass of the sun are thought to form the cores of active galaxies and stellar objects (quasars). Small black holes with masses of less than 1.4 to 3 times the mass of the sun are not created by normal gravitational collapse, and can only be thought to have been created by large density fluctuations in the early universe. The space-time structure of a black hole can theoretically be obtained as an axisymmetric stationary solution to the fundamental equations of Einstein's general theory of relativity. These include the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild solution, the non-rotating axisymmetric Weyl solution, the rotating Kerr solution, and the Tomimatsu-Sato solution, which includes rotation and distortion, but the Kerr solution is generally what is meant by black holes. → Related topics Stellar objects | Neutron stars | Supernovae | Radio galaxies | Cygnus X-1 | White holes (universe) Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
重力が強いため,光を含めいかなるものもそこから脱出できない面(〈事象の地平面〉と呼ぶ)が存在する天体。ブラックホールを観測したとき,光も電波もX線も出てこないので,宇宙の背景放射の中にまったくの黒い穴として見える。 ブラックホールを特徴づける第1の要素は重力質量で,現実的に考えられるものとしては,1.太陽の質量(2×1033g)の10倍程度のブラックホール,2.太陽の質量の100万倍から1億倍程度の超大質量ブラックホール,3.10億t程度のミニブラックホールがあげられる。この質量に応じてブラックホールの大きさ,すなわち事象の地平面の面積も決まり,前記の場合はそれぞれ,10km四方,1000万〜10億km四方,10兆分の1cm四方程度になる。 太陽の質量の10倍程度のブラックホールは,恒星の進化の最終段階として生じる。恒星は内部の核融合反応で解放された結合エネルギーによって,重力による自身の収縮を支えている。核融合反応が進むと,最後には融合の燃料を使い果たし,中心部は鉄の原子核になる。この段階ではもはや恒星は自身を支えることはできず,重力のために収縮を始める。恒星の中心核の質量があまり大きくないときには,ある段階で収縮から反発に転じて星の外層が吹き飛ばされ(超新星爆発),中心には中性子星が残る。しかし恒星の質量が大きく,太陽の質量の10倍以上ある場合は,外層は吹き飛ばされることなく中心にある中性子星に向かって落下していく。すなわちどこまでも収縮を続けていくわけで,最終的にはブラックホールになる。はくちょう座で発見されたX線星はくちょう座X-1は,このようにして生じたブラックホールだと考えられている。 質量が太陽の質量の100万〜1億倍のブラックホールは活動銀河の中心核や恒星状天体(クエーサー)をなすものと考えられている。太陽の質量の1.4〜3倍以下の小さいブラックホールの場合は通常の重力崩壊では生まれず,宇宙初期の大きな密度のゆらぎによって生じたとしか考えられない。 ブラックホールの時空構造は,理論的にはアインシュタインの一般相対性理論の基礎方程式の軸対称定常解として得られる。これには,球対称なシュワルツシルト解,非回転で軸対称なワイル解,回転しているカー解,回転と歪みの入った冨松=佐藤解などがあるが,一般にはブラックホールと言えばカー解を指す。 →関連項目恒星状天体|中性子星|超新星|電波銀河|はくちょう(白鳥)座X-1|ホワイトホール(宇宙) 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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