Plasmid - Plasmid (English spelling)

Japanese: プラスミド - ぷらすみど(英語表記)plasmid
Plasmid - Plasmid (English spelling)

A genetic factor that exists within a cell independently of the nucleus and chromosomes, and that autonomously replicates and is passed on to offspring cells. It was named in 1952 by American geneticist Lederberg in reference to extrachromosomal genetic factors in bacteria, but in recent years it is often used synonymously with cytoplasmic factors, not only in bacteria but also in eukaryotes. Plasmids are often small circular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules, and are DNA replication units replicons that have the ability to replicate themselves in the cytoplasm. Several types of plasmids are known and have been studied in detail in E. coli, including F factors, R factors, and colicin factors. F factors are circular DNA with a molecular weight of about 62 million, and are contained in one or two per cell, giving the cell the ability to mate. R factors are almost the same size as F factors, and control resistance to drugs such as some antibiotics. Colicin factors control the production of a substance called colicin, which has the effect of killing other bacteria, and usually contain 10 or more per cell. A plasmid called 2-micron DNA has been found in yeast. This is a DNA molecule two microns long, with each cell containing around 50 of them, but its function is unknown.

Plasmids are useful as gene carriers, or vectors, in genetic engineering experiments. Recombinant DNA is created by cutting a plasmid with a restriction enzyme that cuts specific sites in DNA and connecting a gene isolated from a different species. The recombinant DNA is then transferred to living cells such as E. coli, where the gene is multiplied, or cloned. In genetic engineering, useful parts of various plasmids found in nature, such as the F and R elements of E. coli, are extracted and connected to create small artificial plasmids, which are often used as vectors. One example is the plasmid pBR322, which is a circular DNA molecule with a molecular weight of about 2.6 million that contains a DNA replication origin as well as tetracycline and ampicillin resistance genes. This plasmid has cutting points for various restriction enzymes, so genes can be connected to these positions to create recombinant DNA, which can then be inserted into E. coli cells for gene cloning.

[Tatsuo Ishikawa]

[References] | Genetics | Genetics | Genetic engineering | Recombinant DNA | DNA | Lederberg | Replicon

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

細胞内で核や染色体と独立に存在し、自律的に自己増殖して子孫細胞に伝えられる遺伝要因。1952年にアメリカの遺伝学者レーダーバーグによって細菌類の染色体外遺伝要因に対して命名されたが、最近は細菌類に限らず真核生物をも含め、細胞質因子と同義に用いることが多い。プラスミドは小さな環状のDNA(デオキシリボ核酸)分子の場合が多く、細胞質で自己複製能力をもつDNA複製単位レプリコンである。大腸菌のプラスミドには、F因子、R因子、コリシン因子など数種が知られ詳しく研究されている。F因子は分子量約6200万の環状DNAで、1細胞当り1個か2個含まれ、その細胞に接合能力を与える。R因子もF因子とほぼ同じ大きさで、いくつかの抗生物質など薬剤に対する抵抗性を支配している。コリシン因子は他の細菌を殺す作用をもつコリシンといわれる物質の生産を支配し、普通、一細胞に10個あるいはそれ以上含まれている。酵母では2ミクロンDNAとよばれるプラスミドがみいだされている。これは長さが2ミクロンのDNA分子で、一細胞当り50個余り含まれるが、その働きは不明である。

 プラスミドは遺伝子工学実験で遺伝子の運び手、すなわちベクターとして有用である。DNAの特定部位を切る制限酵素でプラスミドを切り、異なる種から分離した遺伝子をつなぐと組換えDNAができる。組換えDNAは、大腸菌などの生細胞に移入され、遺伝子の増殖、すなわちクローン化が行われる。遺伝子工学では、大腸菌のF因子やR因子のように自然のなかでみいだされるプラスミドの各種から有用な部分を取り出してつなぎ、小さな人工的プラスミドをつくり、ベクターとして用いることも多い。pBR322というプラスミドはこの一例で、DNA複製起点のほか、テトラサイクリンとアンピシリン抵抗性遺伝子をもつ分子量約260万の環状DNA分子である。このプラスミドは各種制限酵素による切断点をもつので、その位置に遺伝子をつなぎ、組換えDNAをつくり、大腸菌細胞に入れて遺伝子のクローン化に使われる。

[石川辰夫]

[参照項目] | 遺伝 | 遺伝子 | 遺伝子工学 | 組換えDNA | DNA | レーダーバーグ | レプリコン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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