Mainz - Mainz (English spelling)

Japanese: マインツ - まいんつ(英語表記)Mainz
Mainz - Mainz (English spelling)

The capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in western Germany. Population 182,900 (2000). It is located on the left bank of the midstream Rhine, at the confluence with the Main River. On the opposite bank is Wiesbaden, the capital of Hesse. In addition to state legislative, judicial and administrative institutions, federal government institutions, economic organizations, various research and educational institutions, etc. are concentrated here. It is also a religious city, with a Catholic archbishopric and a Protestant archbishopric. 80% of the city was destroyed in bombings during World War II, but there are many historical buildings, including the Romanesque cathedral, which miraculously escaped destruction. Among the many art galleries and museums, the Gutenberg Museum, which is related to printing technology, is famous. It has an industrial port on the Rhine in the north of the city, and industries such as vehicles, glass, paper, and office equipment are located there. Music-related publishing and printing have a long tradition. There are famous wine-producing regions in the surrounding area, such as Rheinhessen, Rheingau, and Rheinpfalz, and it is a trading center for wine and champagne. The carnival, which has been held since the 19th century, is also an important tourist resource.

[Yoichi Asano]

history

The city's origins date back to a fortress built by the Roman general Drusus in 13 BC, and its ancient name was Mogontiacum (or Maguntiacum). Around 300 AD, it became the capital of the Roman province Germania Prima, but was completely destroyed during the Germanic migration period, and regained stability under Frankish rule in the 5th century. A bishopric was established here at the end of the Roman period, but in 747, thanks to the efforts of the German apostle Boniface, it was elevated to an archbishopric, and since it produced many talented archbishops, it came to occupy a major position in both the political and political circles of Germany. In other words, the archbishop presided over two-thirds of the entire German church in religious terms, and in political terms, he played an important role as the Prime Minister of the Holy Roman Empire, and always played an important role in the election of emperors, and his status as elector was confirmed in the Golden Bull of 1356.

Located at a strategic location where the Rhine and Main rivers meet, the city prospered economically in the late Middle Ages, and the citizens repeatedly fought for autonomy against the archbishop who controlled the city, achieving their goal in 1244. In 1254, in order to deal with the chaos of the Interregnum (1256-73), the city formed the League of Rhine Cities and presided over it. However, in 1462, the occupation of Archbishop Adolf II (reigned 1461-75) ended the city's autonomy, and it became the residence of the electorate. In 1477, a university was established by Archbishop Dieter (reigned 1475-82). It was also here that Gutenberg began printing in the mid-15th century. Since the 15th century, the city had been heavily fortified as a fortress city, and was therefore subject to invasion by French troops during the Thirty Years' War and the Palatinate War. By the Treaty of Vienna in 1815, the Archbishopric of Mainz was divided into four quarters, with the city of Mainz becoming part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and later, in 1866, becoming part of Prussia.

[Yoshio Sehara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ西部、ラインラント・プファルツ州の州都。人口18万2900(2000)。ライン川中流左岸、マイン川との合流点にある。対岸はヘッセン州の州都ウィースバーデン。州関係の立法、司法、行政各機関のほか、連邦政府機関、経済団体、各種研究・教育機関などが集中する。また、カトリックの大司教座、プロテスタントの教区長が置かれ、宗教都市でもある。第二次世界大戦の爆撃で市街地の80%を破壊されたが、奇跡的に破壊を免れたロマネスク様式の大聖堂をはじめ歴史的建造物が多い。数多い美術館、博物館では、印刷技術に関するグーテンベルク博物館が著名。市街地北部、ライン河畔に工業港をもち、車両、ガラス、製紙、事務機器などの工業が立地する。音楽関係の出版・印刷業は伝統をもつ。周辺には、ラインヘッセン、ラインガウ、ラインプファルツなど著名なワイン産地があり、ワインおよびシャンパンの取引中心地である。19世紀から続くカーニバルも重要な観光資源となっている。

[朝野洋一]

歴史

市の起源は紀元前13年ローマの将軍ドルススが築いた城塞(じょうさい)にさかのぼり、古名をモゴンティアクムMogontiacum(またはマグンティアクムMaguntiacum)とよんだ。紀元後300年ごろローマの属州ゲルマニア・プリマの首都となったが、ゲルマンの民族移動期には徹底的に破壊され、5世紀にフランク人の支配下に入って安定を取り戻した。この地に司教座が置かれたのはローマ時代末期のことであるが、747年ドイツ人の使徒ボニファティウスの努力によって大司教座に昇格し、歴代大司教に人材が輩出したため、ドイツの政教両界に大きな位置を占めることになった。すなわち、同大司教は宗教的には全ドイツ教会の3分の2を統轄し、政治的には神聖ローマ帝国宰相として重きをなし、皇帝選立の際にはつねに重要な役割を演じ、1356年の金印勅書でその選帝侯としての地位が確認された。

 ライン、マイン両川の合流点という交通上の要衝にあるため、中世後期には経済的にも大いに繁栄し、都市支配権を握る大司教に対し市民の自治権闘争が繰り返され、1244年その目的を達した。1254年には大空位時代(1256~73)の混乱に対処するためライン都市同盟を結成し、それを主宰した。しかし、1462年大司教アドルフ2世Adolf Ⅱ(在位1461~75)の占領によって市民的自治は終息し、以後は選帝侯の居城都市となった。1477年には大司教ディーターDiether(在職1475~82)により大学が設立された。また、15世紀中ごろグーテンベルクが活字印刷を始めたのもこの地である。15世紀以来、城塞都市として防備が固められたため、かえって三十年戦争、プファルツ戦争に際して、フランス軍の侵入を受けた。1815年のウィーン条約でマインツ大司教領は四分されて、マインツ市はヘッセン大公領に属し、のち1866年プロイセン領となった。

[瀬原義生]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Viscount Mauá (English spelling)

>>:  Mine [river] - Mine

Recommend

Hahabe Yasuo - Hahabe

This was the land of Kanshin-in Temple, Gion Shrin...

Hard chancre

An ulcer that occurs mainly on the vulva in the ea...

Sikorsky, II (English spelling)

… Helicopters with two rotors were subsequently s...

Reality Neurosis

A psychoanalytic concept proposed by S. Freud. He ...

Commuter

...This is nothing more than a mathematical expre...

Erinyes (English spelling)

Greek goddesses of vengeance. They are said to hav...

Nepala firethorn

… [Mitsuru Hotta]... *Some of the terminology tha...

Lake Mashu - Mashuuko

A lake in Teshikaga Town under the jurisdiction o...

hypo

...Chemical formula: Na 2 S 2 O 3 . The commercia...

Hankagami - Handwritten notes

〘Noun〙① In the Middle Ages, a registered signature...

Wallace, V.

… The tradition of church music is also long, and...

Congestive cardiomyopathy

...A general term for diseases that affect the my...

Correspondence - Taiou (English)

When a relationship P(x,y) is given, some number ...

Flat millipede - Flat millipede

A general term for arthropods belonging to the ord...

Padeloup

…Etienne Roffet and Claude de Picques are particu...