Fry, Elizabeth

Japanese: フライ（英語表記）Fry, Elizabeth

Born: 21 May 1780, Norwich
Died October 12, 1845. Ramsgate. British philanthropist and European prison reform advocate. He also worked hard to improve the British hospital system and the treatment of the mentally ill. Born into a wealthy Quaker banker family, she married Joseph Fry, a London merchant, in 1800. She took care of her large family and engaged in volunteer work for the poor, and in 1811 was recognized as a Quaker "chaplain." She traveled to Scotland, northern England, Ireland, and various European countries, inspecting prisons in various locations and compiling reports on them. Her proposals for Newgate Prison included separate confinement for men and women, separation by sentence, the assignment of female warders for female prisoners, religious and secular education, and useful labor. Fry's various proposals for improvement were gradually implemented in Europe.

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Frey, Dagobert

Born: April 23, 1883 in Vienna
Died: May 13, 1962. Stuttgart Austrian art historian. Studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology and art history at the University of Vienna. In 1921 he was director of the State Institute for Fine Arts, and from 1931 to 1945 he was a professor at the University of Breslau, and from 1952 he was a professor at the University of Stuttgart. Building on the tradition of the Vienna School, which aimed to combine art history and intellectual history, he contributed to the foundations of comparative art studies. His main works are Gothic and Renaissance as the Foundations of the Modern Worldview (1929) and Grundlegung zu einer vergleichenden Kunstwissenschaft (49).

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Fry, Edwin Maxwell

Born: August 2, 1899, Wallasey, Cheshire
[Died] September 3, 1987. Cotherston, Durham. British modern architect and leader of the International Style. Studied under C. Rayleigh at the University of Liverpool. From 1934 to 1936, he collaborated with W. Gropius, designing Impington Village College (1936) in Cambridgeshire. From 1945 onwards, he designed a variety of buildings, including schools, in Nigeria and Ghana. From 1951 to 1954, he collaborated with Le Corbusier, serving as chief architect for the construction of Chandigarh, the capital of the Indian state of Punjab. His main work is Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones (1964).

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Fry, Christopher

Born: December 18, 1907, Bristol
[Died] June 30, 2005, Chichester British playwright. After working as a teacher and actor, he began his writing career by writing religious verse plays. He established his reputation with his witty verse comedy A Phoenix Too Frequent (1946). He published a succession of brilliant verse plays, and became a central figure in the revival of verse drama after World War II. His representative works include The Lady's Not for Burning (1948), Venus Observed (1950), and The Dark is Light Enough (1954). He also co-wrote the screenplays for Ben-Hur (1959) and other films.

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Frye, Herman Northrop

Born: July 14, 1912 in Sherbrooke, Quebec
[died] January 23, 1991, Toronto Canadian critic. Educated at both Toronto and Oxford universities, he is currently a professor at the University of Toronto. He investigated literary forms and categories, and made a great contribution to the establishment of mythological criticism from the standpoint of myth as the constitutive principle of literature. His major work is Anatomy of Criticism (1957), and he has written many books, including A Natural Perspective (65) and Fools of Time (67), both about Shakespeare, The Critical Path (71), and The Great Code (82).

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Fry, Roger Eliot

Born: 14 December 1866, London
Died: September 9, 1934, London. British painter and art critic. He studied natural science at university but switched to painting, and from 1901 onwards, he advocated orthodox art theory in publications such as The Athenaeum and The Burlington Magazine. In 1906, he was impressed by Cézanne, and together with C. Bell and others, he worked to introduce Post-Impressionism to Britain. He served as director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York from 1905 to 1910, and became a professor at Cambridge University in 1933. His main works include Vision and Design (1920), Cézanne (27), and Some Questions in Aesthetics (34).

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Frey, Adolf

Born: February 18, 1855 in Küttigen near Aarau
[Died] February 12, 1920, Zurich Swiss author and literary historian. Professor at the University of Zurich from 1898 to 1910. He is known for his lyric poetry in standard German and Swiss dialect, biographies of his friends G. Keller and CF Meyer, and realistic novels based on Swiss history.

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frit; fried

A cooking method in Western cuisine in which seafood, meat, vegetables, eggs, etc. are deep-fried either without a batter or with various batters. In Japan, seafood is often deep-fried by coating it in batters of flour, beaten eggs, and breadcrumbs in that order.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1780.5.21. ノリッジ
[没]1845.10.12. ラムズゲート
イギリスの慈善家，ヨーロッパの刑務所改善の推進者。イギリスの病院制度や精神障害者の治療の改善にも尽力した。クェーカー教徒の富裕な銀行家の家に生まれた。1800年にロンドンの貿易商人ジョゼフ・フライと結婚。大家族の世話をするとともに，貧者に対する奉仕活動に従事し，1811年クェーカー教徒の「牧師」として認められた。スコットランド，北イングランド，アイルランドならびにヨーロッパ各国を旅行し，各地の刑務所を視察してその報告書をまとめた。ニューゲート刑務所に関する提案には，男女別の収容，量刑による分離，女性受刑者のための女性看守の配置，宗教的あるいは非宗教的な教育の実施，有益な労役などがあった。フライのさまざまな改善提案は，ヨーロッパでしだいに実行に移された。

フライ
Frey， Dagobert

[生]1883.4.23. ウィーン
[没]1962.5.13. シュツットガルト
オーストリアの美術史家。ウィーン工科大学で建築を，ウィーン大学で美術史を専攻。 1921年国立美術研究所所長，31～45年ブレスラウ大学教授，52年以後シュツットガルト大学教授。芸術史と精神史との結合を目指すウィーン学派の伝統に立って，比較芸術学の基礎づけに貢献した。主著『近代世界観の根底としてのゴシックとルネサンス』 Gotik und Renaissance als Grundlagen der modernen Weltanschauung (1929) ，『比較芸術学論』 Grundlegung zu einer vergleichenden Kunstwissenschaft (49) 。

フライ
Fry， Edwin Maxwell

[生]1899.8.2. チェシャー，ウォラシー
[没]1987.9.3. ダラム，コザーストン
イギリスの近代建築家で国際様式の指導者。リバプール大学で C.レイリーのもとに学ぶ。 1934～36年，W.グロピウスに協力，ケンブリッジシャーのインピントン・ビレッジ・カレッジ (1936) を設計。 1945年以降，ナイジェリア，ガーナなどでの学校建築をはじめ，各種建築を設計。 1951～54年，ル・コルビュジエに協力し，インドのパンジャブ州の州都チャンディーガル建設に，主任建築家として従事した。主著に『乾燥地域と湿潤地域における熱帯建築』 Tropical Architecture in the Dry and Humid Zones (1964) がある。

フライ
Fry， Christopher

[生]1907.12.18. ブリストル
[没]2005.6.30. チチェスター
イギリスの劇作家。教師や俳優を経て，宗教的韻文劇を書いて作家活動に入った。機知に富んだ韻文喜劇『不死鳥はまたも』A Phoenix Too Frequent (1946) によって地位を確立。華麗な韻文劇を次々に発表して，第2次世界大戦後の詩劇復活運動の中心となった。代表作『焚刑を免れた女』 The Lady's Not for Burning (1948) ，『観測されたビーナス』 Venus Observed (1950) ，『闇は明るい』 The Dark is Light Enough (1954) 。『ベン・ハー』 (1959) その他の映画のシナリオも共同で執筆した。

フライ
Frye， Herman Northrop

[生]1912.7.14. ケベック，シャーブルック
[没]1991.1.23. トロント
カナダの批評家。トロント，オックスフォード両大学に学び，トロント大学教授。文学の形態と範疇を追究し，神話を文学の構成原理とする立場から神話批評の確立に大きな貢献をした。主著『批評の解剖』 Anatomy of Criticism (1957) をはじめ，シェークスピアに関する『自然のだまし絵』A Natural Perspective (65) ，『時の道化役』 Fools of Time (67) のほか，『批評の道』 The Critical Path (71) ，『偉大な体系』 The Great Code (82) など多数の著書がある。

フライ
Fry， Roger Eliot

[生]1866.12.14. ロンドン
[没]1934.9.9. ロンドン
イギリスの画家，美術評論家。大学で自然科学を学んだが，絵画制作に移り，1901年以後『アセーニアム』『バーリントン・マガジン』などで正統的芸術論を主張。 06年セザンヌに接して感動し，C.ベルらと後期印象派のイギリスへの紹介に努めた。 05年から 10年までニューヨークのメトロポリタン美術館館長をつとめ，33年ケンブリッジ大学教授。主著『視覚とデザイン』 Vision and Design (1920) ，『セザンヌ』 Cézanne (27) ，『美学の諸問題』 Some Questions in Aesthetics (34) 。