Fuller, Richard Buckminster

Japanese: フラー（英語表記）Fuller， Richard Buckminster

Born July 12, 1895 in Milton, Massachusetts.
[Died] July 1, 1983, Los Angeles American inventor, architect, engineer, poet, and thinker. Dropped out of Harvard University. During World War I, he was recognized for his invention of a new life preserver and was appointed instructor at the Naval Academy. After the war, he co-founded an architecture firm with his father-in-law (1922). He became a professor at Southern Illinois University (59). After the firm went bankrupt (27), he developed a unique perspective on comprehensive long-term technological and economic planning on a cosmic scale, and developed his own theories in many fields, including energy, information, urban issues, environmental issues, transportation, housing, and food. He also invented and designed many things to realize his ideas. In particular, his fuel-efficient all-purpose car, known as the Dymaxion car, announced in 1933, and his architectural dome (geodesic dome, announced in 1953), which had an excellent structure, were highly practical and contributed greatly to the development of technology thereafter. He received many honors, including the Gold Medal from the Royal Institution in the architecture category in 1968. In addition to his major work, Nine Chains to the Moon (38), he has written many other books.

Fuller
Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret

Born: May 23, 1810, Cambridgeport, Massachusetts
[Died] July 19, 1850.
American female critic. Under her father's strict intellectual training, she became proficient in several languages by the age of ten and also became familiar with European literature. She was associated with Emerson and other transcendentalists, and edited the journal The Dial (1840-42), while also opening a class for women's consciousness (1839-44). In 1844, she was in charge of the literary column of the New York Tribune, where she discussed social reform and criticized and introduced Italian and European literature. In 1846, she traveled to Europe. The following year, she settled in Rome, married the Marquess of Ossoli, and joined the Italian Liberation Movement, but escaped Rome due to oppression by the French army, and drowned with her family on the way home in 1850. Her representative works include Woman in the Nineteenth Century (45), At Home and Abroad (56), and the memoir Life Without and Life Within (59).

Fuller
Fuller, John Frederick Charles

Born: September 1, 1878, Chichester, West Sussex
[died] 10 February 1966. Falmouth, Cornwall. British army officer and military commentator. Served in the South African War, commanded a tank unit in World War I, and succeeded in the Battles of the Somme and Cambrai (1917) by using new tank tactics. In 1918 he served as commander of the Allied armored forces, leading them to victory in World War I. In 1930 he became a major general. After retiring in 1933 he wrote about military operations and covered the Second Ethiopian War and the Spanish Civil War as a correspondent for the Daily Mail. He continued to write during World War II, and later wrote a history of the war. His major works include Tanks in the Great War (1920) and The Second World War, 1939-1945 (48).

Fuller
Fuller, Roy (Broadbent)

Born: 11 February 1912, Oldham, Lancashire
[died] September 27, 1991, London British poet and novelist. Influenced by Auden and others, he wrote works with strong social consciousness. After The Middle of a War (1942), A Lost Season (44), and Epitaphs and Occasions (49), he strengthened his psychological and philosophical tendencies in Brutus's Orchard (57). His novels include New Poems (68) and Image of a Society (56). Professor of Poetry at Oxford University from 1968 to 1973.

Fuller
Fuller, Lon Luvois

Born June 15, 1902 in Harford, Texas
[Died]April 8, 1978. Cambridge, Massachusetts. American legal philosopher. After graduating from Stanford University, he taught at the universities of Oregon, Illinois, and Duke, before moving to Harvard University in 1939 and taking charge of legal philosophy from 1948. Though regarded as a natural law theorist, he was critical of metaphysical natural law theory and attempted to empirically explore what might be called technical natural law, the principles of social order that make communal life possible. He is particularly known for listing the requirements that are essential to achieving the purpose of law and presenting them as the "morality of law." His main work is Morality of Law (1964).

Fuller
Fuller, Loie

Born January 15, 1862 in Fullersburg, Illinois
Died January 1, 1928. American dancer in Paris. Without receiving formal dance education, she began performing on the show business stage at a young age. From around 1891, she invented costume dance, skillfully using scarves and long skirts, and performed solo. After achieving success with "Dance of the Snakes," she moved to Paris, where her artistry was highly praised by A. France, Rodin, Toulouse-Lautrec, and others, and she appeared at the 1900 Paris World's Fair. Her effective use of colorful lighting made her a typical example of fin de siècle art. She is said to be one of the origins of modern dance, and her other well-known works include "Dance of the Fire."

Fuller
Fuller, Thomas

Born June 19, 1608. Baptised at Arnicle, Northamptonshire.
[died] August 16, 1661, London. English clergyman and historian. During the Civil War he served as a Royalist military chaplain, and after the Restoration he was appointed chaplain to Charles II. His works include A History of the Holy War (1639), a satire of Cromwell called Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician (46), and a collection of short biographies called History of the Worthies of England (62).

Fuller
Fuller, Melville Weston

Born: February 11, 1833, Augusta, Maine
[Died] July 4, 1910. Sorrento, Maine. American jurist. Successful as an attorney in Chicago. Eighth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1888 to 1910. Known as a strict interpreter of the law, he defended traditional individual rights and property rights.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1895.7.12. マサチューセッツ，ミルトン
[没]1983.7.1. ロサンゼルス
アメリカの発明家，建築家，技術家，詩人，思想家。ハーバード大学中退。第1次世界大戦に従軍中，新式の救命具の考案が認められ，海軍兵学校の教官に任命される。戦後，義父と共同で建築会社を設立 (1922) 。南イリノイ大学教授 (59) 。建築会社倒産 (27) 後は，特異な観点から，宇宙的スケールの包括的長期技術・経済計画を構想，エネルギー，情報，都市問題，環境問題，交通，住宅，食糧など多分野にわたって独自の理論を展開。また構想実現のために多方面の発明，考案を行なった。特に 1933年発表のダイマクション・カーと呼ばれる低燃費の万能車，すぐれた構造をもつ建築ドーム (測地線ドーム，53年発表) などは，十分実用性をもち，その後の技術発展に大きく貢献した。 68年の建築部門でイギリス王立研究所のゴールド・メダル受賞をはじめ多くの栄誉を得た。主著『月への九つの連鎖』 Nine Chains to the Moon (38) のほか多数の著書がある。

フラー
Fuller， (Sarah) Margaret

[生]1810.5.23. マサチューセッツ，ケンブリッジポート
[没]1850.7.19.
アメリカの女流評論家。父親のきびしい知的訓練を受け，10歳足らずで数ヵ国語に熟達し，ヨーロッパ文学にも親しんだ。エマソンその他の超絶主義者たちと交わり，機関誌『ダイアル』を編集 (1840～42) するかたわら，婦人の意識向上のためのクラスを開設 (39～44) 。 1844年『ニューヨーク・トリビューン』紙の文芸欄を担当，社会改革を論じたり，自国およびヨーロッパの文学の批評，紹介を行い，46年ヨーロッパに渡った。翌年ローマに定住，オッソーリ侯と結婚，イタリア解放運動に加わったが，フランス軍の弾圧にあってローマを脱出，50年帰国の途上難船，家族とともに溺死。代表的著作に『19世紀の女性』 Woman in the Nineteenth Century (45) ，『故国と外国』 At Home and Abroad (56) ，回想録『外なる生活，内なる生活』 Life Without and Life Within (59) 。

フラー
Fuller， John Frederick Charles

[生]1878.9.1. ウェストサセックス，チチェスター
[没]1966.2.10. コーンウォール，ファルマス
イギリスの陸軍軍人，軍事評論家。南アフリカ戦争に従軍，第1次世界大戦で戦車隊を指揮し，ソンム，カンブレーの戦い (1917) で戦車による新作戦を用いて成功。 1918年連合軍機甲部隊の指揮官として活躍，第1次世界大戦を勝利へ導いた。 30年少将。 33年の退役後は軍事作戦の著述，『デイリー・メール』紙の特派員として第2次エチオピア戦争，スペイン内乱などを取材。第2次世界大戦中も著述に専念し，のちに戦争史を著わした。主著に『大戦下の戦車』 Tanks in the Great War (1920) ，『第2次世界大戦』 The Second World War，1939－1945 (48) がある。

フラー
Fuller， Roy (Broadbent)

[生]1912.2.11. ランカシャー，オールダム
[没]1991.9.27. ロンドン
イギリスの詩人，小説家。オーデンらの影響で社会意識の強い作品を書いた。『戦いのさなか』 The Middle of a War (1942) ，『失われた季節』A Lost Season (44) ，『墓碑銘と偶作』 Epitaphs and Occasions (49) を経て，『ブルータスの果樹園』 Brutus's Orchard (57) では心理的哲学的な傾向を強めた。『新詩集』 New Poems (68) のほか，『社会のイメージ』 Image of a Society (56) などの小説がある。 1968～73年オックスフォード大学詩学教授。

フラー
Fuller， Lon Luvois

[生]1902.6.15. テキサス，ハーフォード
[没]1978.4.8. マサチューセッツ，ケンブリッジ
アメリカの法哲学者。スタンフォード大学卒業後，オレゴン，イリノイ，デュークの各大学で教え，1939年にハーバード大学に移り，48年から法哲学講座を担当。自然法論者と目されたが，形而上学的な自然法論に対しては批判的で，共同生活を可能ならしめる社会秩序の原理という，いわば技術的な自然法を経験的に探求しようとした。法の目的を達成するために不可欠な要請を列挙し，それを「法の道徳」として示したことは特に名高い。主著『法の道徳』 Morality of Law (1964) 。

フラー
Fuller， Loie

[生]1862.1.15. イリノイ，フラーズバーグ
[没]1928.1.1. パリ
アメリカの舞踊家。正規の舞踊教育を受けず，幼少からショー・ビジネスの舞台を踏んだ。 1891年頃からスカーフやロングスカートなどを巧みに使うコスチューム・ダンスを考案し，独舞で踊った。『蛇の踊り』で成功を収めたのちパリに渡り，A.フランスやロダン，トゥールーズ＝ロートレックらにその芸術性が高く評価され，1900年のパリの万国博覧会に登場。色彩的な照明を効果的に駆使して世紀末芸術の典型といわれた。モダン・ダンスの源流の一つともいわれ，そのほか『火の踊り』などが知られる。

フラー
Fuller， Thomas

[生]1608.6.19. 〈洗礼〉ノーサンプトンシャー，アーニクル
[没]1661.8.16. ロンドン
イギリスの聖職者，歴史家。内乱が起ると王党派の従軍牧師となり，王政復古後はチャールズ2世の教会堂牧師に任命された。『聖戦の歴史』A History of the Holy War (1639) ，クロムウェルを風刺した『アンドロニカス，不運な政治家』 Andronicus，or the Unfortunate Politician (46) ，小伝を集めた『イギリス名士列伝』 History of the Worthies of England (62) などがある。