Amatsutsumi - Amatsutsumi

Japanese: 天津罪 - あまつつみ

A type of name for crimes in ancient times. Eight types are given as examples in the Oharai no Kotoba (Oharai Words, included in the Engishiki): ahanachi (opening the banks), mizoume (filling in the ditches), hihanachi (opening the gutters), shikimaki (frequently sowing), kushizashi (skewering), ikihagi (peeling raw), sakahagi (peeling up the bottom), and kusohe (excrement). Other examples include komabushi (bow-holding) and azenawa (tangled ropes) in the Nihon Shoki. Most of these are violations of agriculture, and according to Motoori Norinaga's Oharai no Kotoba Hosaku (Post-extraction of Oharai Words), they are said to have originated from crimes committed by Susanoo no Mikoto in Takamagahara. In recent years, however, theories have emerged that consider it a list of crimes committed in clan-like villages before the establishment of a state society, that it was a crime subject to a compensation system between contemporary clans, and that it was a one-off act that could be cleansed by purification rituals, and it has come to be considered important in the history of Japanese criminal law. There is no doubt that group or individual purification rituals were imposed on Tenjinzai as "harai." However, purification rituals are acts to appease the wrath of the gods, and it is difficult to equate this with the compensation system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代における罪名の一種。大祓詞 (おおばらいのことば。延喜式所載) にみえ，畔放 (あはなち) ，溝埋 (みぞうめ) ，樋放 (ひはなち) ，頻蒔 (しきまき) ，串刺 (くしざし) ，生剥 (いきはぎ) ，逆剥 (さかはぎ) ，屎戸 (くそへ) の8種がその例としてあげられている。そのほかにも，『日本書紀』にみえる駒伏，絡 (あぜ) 縄などもその類に属する。その大半は，農耕に関する侵害行為であって，本居宣長『大祓詞後釈』によると，スサノオノミコトが，高天原で犯した罪に起源するといわれている。しかし，近年は，それを国家社会成立以前の氏族的村落における犯罪目録とする説，あるいは同時代の氏族間における賠償制の対象となる犯罪と解する説，一過性のもので祓により滌除 (てきじょ) しうる行為とする説などが現れ，日本刑事法史のうえで，重視されることになった。なお，天津罪に対して，「ハライ」として，集団あるいは個人祓が科せられたことは疑いがない。しかし，祓は神の怒りをなだめる行為で，これを賠償制と同一視することは困難である。

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