Punan; Penan

Japanese: プナン族 - プナンぞく(英語表記)Punan; Penan
Punan; Penan
A general term for hunter-gatherers living in the interior of Borneo. Some have settled down and cultivate upland rice. They live in small family groups of 15-75 people, use poisoned blowguns and spears as weapons, walk within a certain territory, and do not enter the territory of other groups without permission. In recent years, the use of guns has increased. Kinship is bilateral, but members take their father's name and paternal lineage is remembered more precisely than maternal lineage. A bride price (blowgun, spear, etc.) is paid at marriage, and marriage within the group is preferred. Each group has a head, but he does not hold permanent power. There is generally no class division. Christianity has spread (Protestant in the Eastern Penan and Catholic in the Western Penan), but most maintain traditional religions. Shamanism is seen, and belief in omens such as birds, deer, and snakes is recognized. There is worship of a supreme god who is a creator, but religious ceremonies are not often performed. When a person dies, they bury the body on the spot and move to another place, not returning for several months.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ボルネオ島内陸部の狩猟採集民の総称。一部は定着して陸稲栽培を行なっている。15~75人の小家族集団で,毒の吹き矢,槍を武器とし,一定の領域内を歩き,他集団の領域へは許可なしには立ち入らない。近年は銃の使用が増えている。親族組織は双系的であるが,父の名前を継ぎ,父方の系譜関係のほうが母方の系譜関係より詳しく想起される。結婚に婚資 (吹き矢,槍など) を支払い,集団内の婚姻が好まれる。集団には頭 (かしら) がいるが,恒久的な権力は保持しない。一般に階級分化はない。キリスト教が伝播している (東プナンにはプロテスタント,西プナンにはカトリック) が,大部分は伝統的宗教を維持している。シャーマニズムがみられ,鳥,シカ,ヘビなどによる前兆の信仰が認められる。創造主である至上神の崇拝があるが,宗教儀礼はあまり行なわれない。人が死ぬとその場に死体を埋葬し,住む場所を移動して数ヵ月は戻らない。

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