British Museum - British Museum

Japanese: 大英博物館 - だいえいはくぶつかん(英語表記)British Museum
British Museum - British Museum

Located in Russell Square, Bloomsbury, London, this is one of the world's largest museums. It has had a library since its founding. Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), a physician and President of the Royal Academy, bequeathed to the nation a large collection of 65,352 pieces of antique art, medals, coins, natural science specimens, etc. (along with about 4,000 manuscripts and about 40,000 printed books) for 20,000 pounds (a quarter of his own estimated value). The museum was founded in 1753 by adding the collection of books from the family of Sir Robert Cotton, which was already in the possession of the nation, and the manuscripts collected by the first and second Lords of Oxford. Buckingham House (the current palace) was also considered as a building to store and exhibit these items, but in the end, Montagu House, which was located at the current site, was purchased and opened to the public in January 1759. It is said that the natural science collection was initially popular, but the natural science department became independent, becoming the Natural History Museum in 1883, and the ethnology department became the Museum of Mankind in 1970.

As the collection grew, expansion and renovation began in 1824, designed by Sir Robert Smirke. New galleries were built first on the east side for books and on the west side for displaying Egyptian sculptures, and finally the old building in the center was demolished and the current main entrance area with its neoclassical façade was completed on the site in 1852. Further expansions were made on the north side, adding another entrance, and on the west side to display ancient art.

Famous objects such as the Rosetta Stone, the Parthenon sculptures, the Shrine of the Nereids, the Assyrian reliefs, and Demeter at Cnidus were collected by the first half of the 19th century, and the collection has since added important objects from around the world, including artifacts from Ur in Mesopotamia, Sutton Hoo in eastern England, Sir Aurel Stein's Silk Road excavations, and the Scroll of Lady Quran, said to have been written by Gu Kaizhi.

[Noriko Minato]

British Library

The library, which became an independent institution after being separated from the museum in 1972, boasts the world's largest collection of books in terms of both quantity and quality. It includes royal collections from the Tudor dynasty to George IV, ancient documents such as Magna Carta and the Lindesfarne Gospels, ancient manuscripts, old editions, and manuscripts by famous authors, some of which are on display in the museum gallery. The famous circular reading room was completed in 1857 in what used to be the courtyard behind the main entrance, designed by Robert's younger brother, Sidney Smirke. There are 390 seats arranged radially from the central counter, and it is topped by a large cupola with a diameter of 42 meters. A reading permit is required to use the room, but Marx obtained one in 1850 and used the materials here to write Das Kapital. It is said that the library currently has over 8 million books, and if the shelves were lined up, they would stretch for about 140 kilometers. As capacity was reaching its limits, plans were made to build a new facility, and a new building in Camden (next to St. Pancras station) was completed in 1998.

Admission to both the museum and library is free, and they are open from 10am to 6pm. They are also open on Sundays from 2pm to 6pm, except on a few national holidays throughout the year.

[Noriko Minato]

Natural History Museum

It was established in 1883 as an independent institution from the Department of Natural Sciences of the British Museum. It is located in South Kensington, London. It collects natural history materials from all over the world and is a global center for natural history research. It has five departments: zoology, insects, paleontology, minerals, and plants, and has particularly excellent exhibits in the areas of zoology and paleontology. Although the exhibits are general, the museum holds a large amount of valuable materials that cannot be displayed, and is visited by many natural history researchers.

[Akira Suzumebe]

Science Museum

The National Science Museum was separated from the Natural History Museum in 1909 and can be accessed from the Natural History Museum via a corridor. It mainly exhibits physical science, industry, and technology. It has a valuable collection of materials related to the history of science and technology, and is particularly impressive for its actual machines and industrial and technological materials from the Industrial Revolution, making it the central museum of industry and technology in the UK. The museum is also known for its excellent preservation of materials in working order, with over 50 staff engineers dedicated to preserving materials in working order alone.

[Akira Suzumebe]

"Mikami Tsuguo and Sugiyama Jiro eds., Museums of the World 6: The British Museum" (1977, Kodansha)

The British Museum
One of the world's largest museums, the pride of the UK. Opened in 1759. It exhibits many important ancient relics and artworks from around the world, including Egyptian civilization. The facade of the building, with its rows of Ionic columns, was designed by British architect Smirke. London, UK ©Masashi Tanaka ">

The British Museum

British Library New Building
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, which became independent from the British Museum in 1972. It boasts the world's largest collection of books in terms of both quality and quantity. Due to the increase in the number of books, a new building (pictured) was built in St. Pancras in the Camden district in 1998. London, England ©Masashi Tanaka ">

British Library New Building


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロンドン、ブルームズベリーのラッセル・スクエアにある世界最大級の博物館。創立時から図書館を併設する。王立学士院院長を務めた医学者ハンス・スローン卿(きょう)(1660―1753)は、6万5352点に上る古美術、メダル、コイン、自然科学標本類など(ほかに手稿本約4000点、印刷本約4万点)の大コレクションを2万ポンド(彼自身の見積額の4分の1)で国家に遺贈。これに、すでに国の所蔵になっていたロバート・コットン卿一族の蔵書と、初代・2代のオックスフォード卿収集の手稿本とを加え、1753年に設立された。これらを収蔵・展示する建物としてバッキンガム・ハウス(現在の宮殿)も候補に上ったが、結局、現在地にあったモンタギュー邸が購入され、1759年1月から一般に公開された。当初は自然科学コレクションに人気があったといわれるが、自然科学部門は1883年に自然史博物館Natural History Museumに、民族学部門は1970年に人類博物館Museum of Mankindとなってそれぞれ独立した。

 収蔵品の増加に伴い、1824年からロバート・スマーク卿の設計で増改築に着手。東側に蔵書のための、西側にエジプト彫刻展示のための新ギャラリーがまず建造され、最後に中央部の旧館を取り壊して、その跡地に1852年、新古典様式のファサードをもつ現在の正面玄関部が完成した。その後も、もう一つの出入口をつけた北側や、古代美術陳列のために西側で増築がなされている。

 ロゼッタ・ストーン、パルテノン神殿の彫刻、ネレイデスの祠堂(しどう)、アッシリアの浮彫り、クニドスのデメテルなどの名高い遺品は19世紀前半までに収集されたもので、その後もメソポタミアのウルや、東イングランドのサトン・フー、オーレル・スタイン卿によるシルク・ロードの発掘品、さらに顧愷之(こがいし)筆と伝えられる『女史箴図(じょししんず)巻』など、世界各地の重要な遺品を加えている。

[湊 典子]

大英図書館

1972年に博物館と所轄を分割し、独立した機関となった図書館は、蔵書の質・量ともに世界最大を誇る。チューダー朝以降ジョージ4世までの王家の蔵書をはじめ、マグナ・カルタやリンデスファーンの福音書(ふくいんしょ)などの古文書、古写本、古版本、文豪の手稿なども含み、その一部は博物館ギャラリーに展示されている。有名な円形の閲覧室は、正面玄関奥の中庭であった場所に、ロバートの弟シドニー・スマークの設計で1857年に完成した。中央カウンターから放射状に390の席が並び、直径42メートルの大円蓋(えんがい)を頂く。利用には閲覧許可証が必要だが、1850年にこれを手に入れたマルクスは、ここの資料を駆使して『資本論』を書き上げた。現在では蔵書数は800万冊を超え、書架を並べると約140キロメートルに及ぶといわれる。収容能力に限界がきたことから新施設の建造が計画され、1998年カムデン地区(セント・パンクラス駅の隣)に新館が完成した。

 博物館、図書館ともに入場無料で、開館は10~18時。年に数度の祭日以外は、日曜も14~18時の間開館。

[湊 典子]

自然史博物館

大英博物館の自然科学部門から1883年に独立して設立された。ロンドン、サウス・ケンジントンにある。世界中の自然史に関する資料を収集しており、自然史研究の世界的な中心ともなっている。動物、昆虫、古生物、鉱物、植物の5部門をもち、とくに動物、古生物に関しては優れたものをもっている。展示は総花的であるが、展示しきれない大量の貴重な資料が所蔵されており、多くの自然史研究者が訪れている。

[雀部 晶]

科学博物館

自然史博物館から1909年に分離独立したのが国立の科学博物館Science Museumで、自然史博物館から廊下によって行き来できるようになっている。物理科学、工業、技術を中心に展示されている。科学史、技術史に関する貴重な資料が収集されており、とくに産業革命期の実物の機械や産業・技術に関する資料は目を見張るものがあり、イギリスの工業・技術の博物館の中心を担っている。またこの博物館は資料の動態保存に優れていることで知られ、動態保存のためにだけで50人以上の技術者スタッフを擁している。

[雀部 晶]

『三上次男・杉山二郎編『世界の博物館 6 大英博物館』(1977・講談社)』

大英博物館
イギリスが誇る世界最大級の博物館。1759年開館。エジプト文明をはじめとする世界各地の重要な古代遺物や美術品などを数多く展示する。イオニア風の円柱が並ぶ建物正面は、イギリスの建築家スマークの設計。イギリス ロンドン©Masashi Tanaka">

大英博物館

大英図書館新館
大英図書館は、1972年に大英博物館から独立したイギリスの国立図書館。蔵書の質・量ともに世界最大を誇る。蔵書数の増大に伴い、1998年カムデン地区のセント・パンクラスに新館(写真)が建設された。イギリス ロンドン©Masashi Tanaka">

大英図書館新館


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