Ptolemaios - Klaudios Ptolemaios

Japanese: プトレマイオス - ぷとれまいおす(英語表記)Klaudios Ptolemaios
Ptolemaios - Klaudios Ptolemaios

A Greek astronomer active in the first half of the 2nd century who perfected the geocentric theory. In English, he is called Ptolemy. There is no biography, and his birth and death years are unknown. He is known for his achievements, including his book "The Great Mathematical Work" (Almagest). "Almagest" dominated Western views of the universe until the Renaissance, and the image of the universe conceived therein was a structural system known as the epicycle theory, which combined Pythagoras' theory of uniform circular motion, Eudoxus' theory of eccentric circles, and Apollonius' theory of epicycles.

Ptolemy attempted to geometrically explain the changes in position and luminosity of planetary phenomena. It is said that he inherited and adopted his methods of thinking and observational data from the work of Hipparchus, an astronomer active in Rhodes in the 2nd century BC, but he also created his own trigonometric tables, invented observational instruments such as the quadrant, and observed and discovered the unequal speed of the moon's motion, the refraction of light, and atmospheric differences.

Ptolemy also wrote two other works, "Geography" and "Tetrabiblius." The former contains maps in a conic projection with latitude and longitude, which was used by Columbus on his voyages. The latter is said to have been used as the original source of astrology through the Middle Ages and continues to be used today. His philosophical thoughts on nature belong to the eclectic school of thought of his predecessors.

[Shimamura Fukutaro]

[References] | Apollonius | Almagest | Eudoxus | Conic projection | Trigonometry | Map | Geocentric theory | Pythagoras | Hipparchus

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2世紀前半に活躍したギリシアの天文学者。天動説の完成者。英語ではトレミーPtolemyとよぶ。伝記も残らず生没年は不詳。彼の名は、著書『数学大集成』(アルマゲスト)をはじめとする業績によって知られている。『アルマゲスト』は、ルネサンスまで、西洋の宇宙観を支配したが、そこに構想された宇宙像は、周転円説といわれる構造体系であって、ピタゴラスの等速円運動と、エウドクソスの離心円と、アポロニオスの周円転とを合成したものであった。

 プトレマイオスはもっぱら惑星現象における位置と光度との変化を幾何学的に説明することを試みた。その思考方法も観測資料も、紀元前2世紀にロードス島で活躍した天文学者ヒッパルコスの業績を受け継ぎ、取り入れたといわれるが、独自に三角法の計算表を作成したり、四分儀をはじめとする観測器械を考案したり、月の運行の不等速や光の屈折や大気差などの観測、発見も行っている。

 このほかにプトレマイオスには『地理学』と『テトラビブリオス』(四元の書)なる著述がある。前者には緯度・経度を付した円錐(えんすい)投影図法の地図が描かれ、後世、コロンブスの航海に用いられた。また後者は占星術の原典として中世を経て、今日に至るまでその分野では使用されるという。なお、彼の自然に対する哲学思想は諸先達の折衷学派に属する。

[島村福太郎]

[参照項目] | アポロニオス | アルマゲスト | エウドクソス | 円錐図法 | 三角法 | 地図 | 天動説 | ピタゴラス | ヒッパルコス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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