Bu-qu (English spelling)

Japanese: 部曲 - ぶきょく（英語表記）bu-qu

In China, the Qin and Han dynasties, both the words "bu" and "qu" were military units. Eventually, they came to be used together with "buqu" to mean troops, soldiers, and subordinates. In the Six Dynasties, private soldiers were called buqu, and it also came to refer to high-ranking commoners belonging to private households, such as denkyaku (guests) and kimono-yaku (customers). Under the legal system from the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, buqu did not have independent household registers, but unlike slaves, they were not bought and sold, and they could own some of the things they produced. After the Song dynasty, the status of buqu tended to decline. In addition, the Japanese Ritsuryo Code changed the word buqu in Tang law to kajin. This is probably because the character buqu was widely used to mean people owned by powerful families, as seen in the Nihon Shoki.

Participants

Also written as bemin. Private citizens of powerful clans in the Yamato period (pre-Taika period). In Chinese, it means slave. Unlike the ryo-sei family members and slaves, they had fixed occupations, served powerful clans on a village-by-village basis, paid taxes, and were self-employed, with the character "be" added to the name of the master to which they were enslaved. Also, since each powerful clan owned slaves, the status of the becomin' was probably not that low. It was abolished after the Taika Reforms, and became a citizen during the reign of Tenmu.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，秦，漢代では「部」「曲」の語はともに軍隊の構成単位。やがて「部曲」と連ねて部隊，兵士，部下という意味に使われるようになった。六朝では私兵を部曲と称することや，佃客 (でんきゃく) ，衣食客など私家に属する上級賤民をさすことも生じ，六朝から隋，唐にかけての法制上の部曲は，独立の戸籍をもたなかったが，奴婢とは違い売買されることはなく，生産したものをいくらかは自己の所有とすることができた。宋代以降，部曲の身分層は後退の趨勢にあった。なお，日本の律令は唐法の部曲を家人と改めている。『日本書紀』にみられるように部曲の文字が広く豪族私有民の意味に使用されていたからであろう。

部曲
かきべ

部民とも書く。大和時代 (大化前代) の豪族の私有民。中国で奴婢を意味する。彼らは令制の家人，奴婢とは異なり一定の職業をもち，だいたい村落を単位として豪族に仕え，租税を納め，徭役に従いその隷属する主家の名に「部」の字をつけて名字とした自営の民である。また，各豪族は，別に奴隷を所有していたところからみて，部曲の身分はそれほど低いものではなかったであろう。大化改新後廃止され，天武朝には公民となった。

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