Rank - Ikai

A sign for "ranking officials." It was established in 603 (the 11th year of the reign of Empress Suiko) as a 12-rank system of ranks, which evolved through the 13-rank system of seven ranks in 647 (the 3rd year of the Taika era) and the 19-rank system of ranks in 649, before developing into the 26-rank system of ranks in 664 (the 3rd year of the Tenchi era). After the Jinshin War in 672, the 60-rank system of ranks (12 ranks for the imperial family and 48 ranks for ministers) was established in 685 (the 14th year of the Tenmu era), and this system of ranks became the Kiyomihara-ryo rank system that came into effect in June 689 (the 3rd year of the reign of Empress Jito). The Taiho-ryo rank system in 701 (the 1st year of the Taiho era) completed the systematic structure. The four ranks for princes were from 1st rank to 4th rank, the fourteen ranks for kings were from Shoichii to Jujugoi, and the thirty ranks for ministers were from Shoichii to Shoshoi. The Gai system, modeled on the Shihin system of the Tang dynasty, and the Kun-i system, which inherited the Kun-kan system, were established as collateral ranks. The Gai system had twenty ranks from Gaishogoi to Gaishoshoi, and was awarded to government posts such as Gunji, Gunki, Chonai, and Shijin, which were appointed to local clans and below, as well as to Emishi and Hayato people of merit. The Kun-i system had the first to 12th ranks, and was mainly awarded to those who had made contributions in military operations against the Emishi and Hayato people. Those with the rank of fifth or higher were granted imperial conferral as noble officials, those with the rank of eighth or seventh or higher were granted conferral by shoju, and those with the rank of eighth or higher and those with the rank of first or lower were granted conferral by kanbanju. The rank system of the Yoro Code, which came into force in May 757 (Tenpyo Hoji 1), was exactly the same as that of the Taiho Code, and was in force for over 1,000 years, but the Order of the Emperor and the rank of outer rank gradually disappeared until the new rank system (20 ranks) was established in 1869 (Meiji 2). In 1887, the system was expanded to sixteen ranks, consisting of Sho and Juichi to Eighth, and in 1889 it was limited to vassals only. After World War II, the awarding of ranks was suspended, except for posthumous conferrals of deceased persons.

[Tadao Nomura]

"Tadao Nomura's 'Government Theory' (1975, Yuzankaku Publishing)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

「官人を等級づける」標識。603年（推古天皇11）の冠位十二階制で創設されたが、647年（大化3）の七色十三階制、649年の冠位十九階制を経て、664年（天智天皇3）の冠位二十六階制に発展した。ついで672年の壬申(じんしん)の乱を経て、685年（天武天皇14）には冠位六十階制（皇親十二階、諸臣四十八階）が制定されたが、この冠位制が689年（持統天皇3）6月に施行された浄御原令(きよみはらりょう)の位階制になった。そして701年（大宝1）の大宝令(たいほうりょう)位階制で、その体系性を完成した。親王は一品(いっぽん)から四品まで四階、諸王は正(しょう)一位から従(じゅ)五位下まで十四階、諸臣は正一位から少初位(しょうそい)下まで三十階という基本系列を中心にして、唐の視品(しひん)制をモデルにした外位(げい)制と、勲官制を継受した勲位制とが、傍系系列として創設されている。外位制は外正五位上から外少初位下までの二十階で、郡司、軍毅(ぐんき)や帳内(ちょうない)、資人(しじん)など、地方豪族以下が任ぜられる官職や、蝦夷(えみし)、隼人(はやと)らの有功者に授けた。また勲位制は勲一等から勲十二等までで、主として対蝦夷・隼人軍事行動の有功者に授けられた。そして内・外五位以上は貴族官僚として勅授され、内八位、外七位以上は奏授、外八位、内・外初位は官判授とされた。757年（天平宝字1）5月に施行された養老(ようろう)令の位階体系も、大宝令制とまったく同じであり、以降1000余年の長きにわたり実施されたが、勲位、外位はしだいに消滅化して、1869年（明治2）の新位階制（二十階）に及んだ。1887年、正・従一～八位の十六階となり、1889年その対象を臣下のみに限った。第二次世界大戦後、位階は死者に対する追賜以外は授与が停止されている。

［野村忠夫］

『野村忠夫著『官人制論』（1975・雄山閣出版）』

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