Makihata - Makihata

Japanese: 牧畑 - まきはた
Makihata - Makihata

The word makihata originally meant a pasture field, where a part of the pasture was cleared and used for farming, and when it was not used for farming, it was left for the villagers to graze on as pastureland. Today, however, makihata usually refers to the rotary farming method that was once practiced in Oki. In Oki, except for the ordinary fields and rice paddies that are often found on flat land or near houses, the entire area of ​​a village, whether mountain or valley, was usually divided into four areas by wooden fences, and the following crops were planted and cattle and horses were grazed in each of the four areas. That is, in the first area, grazing and wheat are done in summer, in the second area, wheat and adzuki beans (or soybeans) from the previous year and winter grazing are done, in the third area, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and buckwheat are done in winter, and in the fourth area, soybeans (or adzuki beans) and winter grazing are done. This land use method rotates between the four areas in the order of the first, second, third, and fourth each year, and in the fifth year, each area returns to the first year's use. This farming method is called the Makihata style or Makihata, and can be said to be a method of maintaining soil fertility by organically combining farming and grazing. However, the type of crop, sowing and harvesting times, etc. are restricted by this management method, and in particular, grazing is done jointly by the entire village, so it has a strong forced cultivation character, which is an attribute of feudal agriculture, and gradually declined after World War II.

[Tokio Mitsuhashi]

"Historical Study of Oki Makihata" by Tokio Mitsuhashi (1969, Minerva Shobo)

[Reference] | Oki Islands

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

牧畑ということばは、もともと牧の畑という意味で、牧の一部を開墾して農耕地として利用し、耕作に利用しない期間は放牧地として村民の共同放牧にゆだねる畑地のことをいったが、今日では牧畑といえば、かつて隠岐(おき)で行われていた耕牧輪転農法のことをさすのが普通である。隠岐では、平坦(へいたん)地や人家の近くに多い普通畑や水田を除き、一村内の全領域が山、谷を問わず通常木柵(もくさく)をもって四区牧に区分され、四つの牧にはそれぞれ次のような作物の作付けと牛馬の放牧とが行われた。すなわち、第一区牧には夏季の放牧と麦の作付け、第二区牧には前年からの麦とアズキ(または大豆)ならびに冬季の放牧、第三区牧にはアワ、ヒエ、ソバ類と冬季の放牧、第四区牧には大豆(またはアズキ)と冬季の放牧を行い、この土地利用法が年々四区牧間に第1、第2、第3、第4の順序で輪転し、各区牧は4年を周期として第5年目に第1年目の利用形態に復するのである。この農法が牧畑式または牧畑とよばれるものであり、農耕と放牧との有機的結合による地力維持の方法であるといえよう。しかし、作物の種類、種播(ま)きや収穫の時期などはこの経営方式によって制約され、ことに放牧は全村の共同で行われるので、封建農業の属性である耕作強制的性格が強く、第二次世界大戦後しだいに衰退した。

[三橋時雄]

『三橋時雄著『隠岐牧畑の歴史的研究』(1969・ミネルヴァ書房)』

[参照項目] | 隠岐諸島

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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