Breeding - Breeding
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It refers to the processes used to purposefully change the genetic characteristics of existing varieties in order to further increase the degree to which humans benefit from those organisms. It is sometimes used as a synonym for breeding. However, breeding does not usually only apply to existing varieties, but also includes the development, introduction, and preservation of new genetic resources, as well as the surrounding areas surrounding the improvement of varieties. [Muneo Iizuka] Crop breedingCrops are classified according to the purpose of use, such as food, ornamental, medicinal, and industrial use, and the organs and substances used naturally differ. The main focus of breeding is to improve the genetic makeup of each crop so that its characteristics can be expressed to the fullest extent according to the purpose of its use. For this reason, for example, in the case of food crops, it is necessary to apply breeding techniques that focus primarily on the genetic characteristics related to quality and yield, as well as comprehensively improve related characteristics such as disease and pest resistance and stress resistance. [Muneo Iizuka] Livestock breedingIn the case of livestock, the main objective is to improve the quantitative traits of each practical breed, such as milk yield, meat yield, and egg production, as well as the qualitative improvement of the products as food. Other objectives include improving the ease of raising, disease resistance, and adaptability to the environment. Therefore, complex breeding techniques are used to improve livestock breeds. [Nishida Tomoko] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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人類がその生物から利益を受ける度合いをさらに高める目的で、既成品種のもっている遺伝的特性を合目的的に変えるために行う諸操作をいう。ときによっては育種と同義語として用いられる。しかし、普通、育種では既存の品種のみを対象とするものでなく、新しい遺伝資源の開発、導入、保存などのように、品種改良を取り巻く周辺の整備までが包含される。 ［飯塚宗夫］ 作物の品種改良作物は利用目的によって食用、観賞用、薬用、工芸用などの別があり、利用目的とする器官、物質などはおのずから異なる。品種改良では各作物を利用する目的に沿って、それらの形質が最高に発現できるように遺伝的構成を改善することを主眼とする。このため、たとえば食用作物では品質、収量などに関与する遺伝的形質を主とし、それらと関連する耐病虫性、ストレス抵抗性などの形質をも総合的に改善する育種技術の適用が必要となる。 ［飯塚宗夫］ 家畜の品種改良家畜の場合、主として各実用品種の泌乳量、産肉量、産卵数などの量的形質の改良とともに、それらの生産物の食品としての質的改良も対象となる。また飼育の容易性、耐病性、環境への適応性などの強化もその目的となる。したがって家畜の品種改良には複雑な育種技術が用いられる。 ［西田恂子］ [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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