Hirschsprung's disease

Japanese: ヒルシュスプルング病 - ヒルシュスプルングびょう(英語表記)Hirschsprung's disease
Hirschsprung's disease

What is the disease?

This is a disease in which the large intestine expands due to chronic constipation.

What is the cause?

Inside the walls of the digestive tract, such as the large intestine and small intestine, Ganglia ( New design ) There are cells. When these cells are stimulated, Peristalsis ( All ) The intestinal tract expands and contracts, a process called motility, and food ingested through the mouth is digested via the intestinal tract and excreted from the anus as feces.

In Hirschsprung's disease, there is a congenital absence of these ganglion cells, which results in a lack of peristalsis, chronic constipation, and distension of the large intestine.

How symptoms manifest

In newborn babies, Meconium ( Trouble ) The first symptom is delayed excretion of urine. The patient is unable to defecate or pass gas, and the abdomen feels like a balloon. Bloating ( Bouman ) The baby's ability to suckle decreases, and the baby may vomit dark green bile-stained fluid. As the condition progresses, the baby may experience poor weight gain and malnutrition.

Testing and diagnosis

We check when the meconium was excreted, whether the infant is passing gas, what and how much they are eating, the characteristics of the stool and frequency of defecation, etc. After that, we check for abdominal distension and insert a finger into the anus to check for the presence or absence of gas or stool (digital rectal examination).

If abdominal X-rays reveal signs of expanded intestinal gas throughout the abdomen, but no signs of gas in the small pelvis, Hirschsprung's disease is suspected, and a barium enema is then performed. When a contrast medium is injected into this disease, narrowing of the anal side of the large intestine and expansion and difference in diameter on the oral side are confirmed.

In addition, an anorectal manometry test is performed to confirm the absence of the rectal anal reflex (a decrease in anal canal pressure observed when the rectum expands).A biopsy of the rectal mucosa is also performed to histologically confirm the increase in extrinsic nerves associated with the absence of ganglion cells in the intestinal wall.

Treatment methods

If the area of ​​the intestinal wall lacking ganglion cells is very narrow, it may be possible to control the condition with an enema, but in most cases surgery is required to remove the aganglionic area of ​​the intestine and reconnect the ends. Depending on the size of the aganglionic area, radical surgery may be required, or an artificial anus or Intestinal fistula ( Chouro ) In recent years, Laparoscopy ( Fukui Airport ) Assisted and transanal surgery have been introduced.

What to do if you notice an illness

If persistent constipation persists, consult your pediatrician.

Yoshikazu Otsuka

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 慢性の便秘によって大腸が拡張する病気です。

原因は何か

 大腸や小腸など消化管の壁のなかには神経節(しんけいせつ)細胞があります。その細胞の刺激により、蠕動(ぜんどう)運動と呼ばれる腸管の伸び縮みが起こり、口から摂取した食物は腸管を経由して消化され、便となって肛門から排泄されます。

 ヒルシュスプルング病は、この神経節細胞が先天的に欠如しているため、蠕動運動が起こらず慢性の便秘になり、大腸が拡張します。

症状の現れ方

 生まれてすぐの赤ちゃんでは、胎便(たいべん)の排泄が遅れることが最初の症状です。排便、排ガスができず、腹部は風船のように膨満(ぼうまん)してきます。哺乳力が低下し、濃緑色の胆汁の色に染まったものを嘔吐したり、症状が進むと体重増加不良や栄養不良が現れてくることもあります。

検査と診断

 胎便が排出された時期はいつか、乳児ではおなら(ガス)が出ているか、何をどのくらい食べているか、便の性状と排便の頻度などを確認します。その後、腹部膨満の有無や、肛門から指を入れてガスの噴出や便の有無を確認します(直腸指診)。

 腹部X線検査を行い、拡張した腸管ガス像が腹部全体に認められ、小骨盤内の腸管ガス像が欠如していればヒルシュスプルング病を疑い、さらに注腸造影検査を行います。この病気では造影剤を注入した際、大腸の肛門側が狭くなっていることと口側の拡張および口径差を確認します。

 さらに直腸肛門内圧検査を行い、直腸肛門反射(直腸が拡張した際に認められる肛門管圧の下降)の欠如を確認します。また、直腸粘膜の生検を行い、腸管壁内の神経節細胞の欠如に伴う外来神経の増加を組織学的に確認します。

治療の方法

 腸管壁の神経節細胞が欠如した領域が非常に狭い場合は、浣腸などでコントロールできることもありますが、ほとんどは腸管の無神経節領域を切除し端々をつなぎ合わせる手術が必要です。無神経節領域の広さにより、根治手術を行う場合や、人工肛門や腸瘻(ちょうろう)を造設する場合もあります。近年は、腹腔鏡(ふくくうきょう)補助下手術や経肛門手術が導入されています。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 がんこな便秘が続く場合は小児科医に相談してください。

大塚 宜一

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

<<:  Hiruzen

>>:  Emanuel Hirsch

Recommend

Guiana Highlands - Guiana Highlands

Meseta de Guayana in Spanish. A highland in the Gu...

Yongle Palace

A structure from the Yuan Dynasty (13th-14th cent...

Ten works - Jissaku

This refers to ten representative Noh mask makers ...

Ukikuda ruins - Ukikuda ruins

<br /> The remains of a settlement in Uki, K...

Vangerow, KAvon (English spelling)

...Historical jurisprudence thus developed into P...

Sengstaken-Blakemore tube (English)

...Transfusions are continued until blood pressur...

Inkyomusume (retired daughter) - Inkyomusume

...means escaping from complicated society and re...

Volgograd (English spelling) Волгоград/Volgograd

The capital of Volgograd Oblast in the southwest ...

Primary hyphae - Ficus

…In the latter case, the hyphae are always in a s...

discriminatory price policy

In addition to these basic pricing policies, ther...

Sravanabelgola (English spelling)

Jain ruins in the Mysore region of Karnataka, sout...

Axial plunger pump

…Special steel is often used as the material for ...

Acanthaster planci (English spelling) Acanthaster planci

...The large Japanese starfish Distolasterias nip...

Ejiri Castle

…Subsequently, Imagawa Yoshimoto and Ujizane exem...

Bazooka (English spelling)

An anti-tank rocket launcher developed and deploye...