What is the disease?This is a disease in which the large intestine expands due to chronic constipation. What is the cause? Inside the walls of the digestive tract, such as the large intestine and small intestine, In Hirschsprung's disease, there is a congenital absence of these ganglion cells, which results in a lack of peristalsis, chronic constipation, and distension of the large intestine. How symptoms manifest In newborn babies, Testing and diagnosisWe check when the meconium was excreted, whether the infant is passing gas, what and how much they are eating, the characteristics of the stool and frequency of defecation, etc. After that, we check for abdominal distension and insert a finger into the anus to check for the presence or absence of gas or stool (digital rectal examination). If abdominal X-rays reveal signs of expanded intestinal gas throughout the abdomen, but no signs of gas in the small pelvis, Hirschsprung's disease is suspected, and a barium enema is then performed. When a contrast medium is injected into this disease, narrowing of the anal side of the large intestine and expansion and difference in diameter on the oral side are confirmed. In addition, an anorectal manometry test is performed to confirm the absence of the rectal anal reflex (a decrease in anal canal pressure observed when the rectum expands).A biopsy of the rectal mucosa is also performed to histologically confirm the increase in extrinsic nerves associated with the absence of ganglion cells in the intestinal wall. Treatment methods If the area of the intestinal wall lacking ganglion cells is very narrow, it may be possible to control the condition with an enema, but in most cases surgery is required to remove the aganglionic area of the intestine and reconnect the ends. Depending on the size of the aganglionic area, radical surgery may be required, or an artificial anus or What to do if you notice an illnessIf persistent constipation persists, consult your pediatrician. Yoshikazu Otsuka Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia |
どんな病気か慢性の便秘によって大腸が拡張する病気です。 原因は何か 大腸や小腸など消化管の壁のなかには ヒルシュスプルング病は、この神経節細胞が先天的に欠如しているため、蠕動運動が起こらず慢性の便秘になり、大腸が拡張します。 症状の現れ方 生まれてすぐの赤ちゃんでは、 検査と診断胎便が排出された時期はいつか、乳児ではおなら(ガス)が出ているか、何をどのくらい食べているか、便の性状と排便の頻度などを確認します。その後、腹部膨満の有無や、肛門から指を入れてガスの噴出や便の有無を確認します(直腸指診)。 腹部X線検査を行い、拡張した腸管ガス像が腹部全体に認められ、小骨盤内の腸管ガス像が欠如していればヒルシュスプルング病を疑い、さらに注腸造影検査を行います。この病気では造影剤を注入した際、大腸の肛門側が狭くなっていることと口側の拡張および口径差を確認します。 さらに直腸肛門内圧検査を行い、直腸肛門反射(直腸が拡張した際に認められる肛門管圧の下降)の欠如を確認します。また、直腸粘膜の生検を行い、腸管壁内の神経節細胞の欠如に伴う外来神経の増加を組織学的に確認します。 治療の方法 腸管壁の神経節細胞が欠如した領域が非常に狭い場合は、浣腸などでコントロールできることもありますが、ほとんどは腸管の無神経節領域を切除し端々をつなぎ合わせる手術が必要です。無神経節領域の広さにより、根治手術を行う場合や、人工肛門や 病気に気づいたらどうするがんこな便秘が続く場合は小児科医に相談してください。 大塚 宜一 出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報 |
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