A concept in thermodynamics (kinetic theory of gas molecules) introduced by R. Clausius in 1870. The word originates from vires, the plural of vis, which means force in Latin. It was devised to express how the forces acting on gas molecules cause the characteristics of the gas, in particular how the equation of state deviates from the equation for an ideal gas, pV = RT ( p is pressure, V is volume, T is absolute temperature, and R is the gas constant). Let F i be the force acting on molecule i of the gas, and ri be the position vector of molecule i , and the scalar product -1/2 F i ・ ri be the average of the sum for all molecules, and the virial VR of the gas is defined as (note that the quantity on the right hand side of (1) does not depend on the choice of the origin of the position vector). Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
1870年R.クラウジウスによって導入された熱力学(気体分子運動論)上の概念。語源はラテン語の力を意味するvisの複数形であるviresに由来する。気体分子に働く力によってその気体の特徴,とくに状態方程式が理想気体の場合の式pV=RTからどのようにはずれるかを表す目的で考えられた(pは圧力,Vは体積,Tは絶対温度,Rは気体定数)。気体の分子iに働く力をFi,分子iの位置ベクトルをriとして,スカラー積-1/2Fi・riのすべての分子に関する和の平均,をその気体のビリアルVRと定義する((1)の右辺の量は位置ベクトルの原点の選び方によらないことに注意)。
出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報 |
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