Skin effect

Japanese: 表皮効果 - ひょうひこうか(英語表記)skin effect
Skin effect

A phenomenon in which high-frequency current or electric field flows only near the surface of a conductor and does not flow inside. The thickness through which current or electric field penetrates is called skin depth and is expressed by the following formula.


Metal plates act as mirrors for electromagnetic waves. When electromagnetic waves hit a metal plate, most of them are reflected, but some penetrate into the metal plate. These electromagnetic waves attenuate rapidly as they move away from the surface. Skin depth is the point where the electric field at the surface is approximately 0.37 times the depth from the surface. When a 100 megahertz (TV wave) hits a copper plate, the skin depth is about 7 micrometers. When a high-frequency current flows through a wire, the current distribution on the wire tends to concentrate near the surface, and does not effectively flow through the center of the wire. To avoid this, a wire that carries high-frequency current may be made of a bundle of thin wires that are insulated from each other. This is called a Litz wire.

When microwaves are radiated from an antenna, they gradually spread out and become weaker. Therefore, if a wire is stretched between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna, the skin current created on the wire of the transmitting antenna travels along the wire to the receiving antenna. In this case, there is also a high-frequency electromagnetic field on the outside of the wire, but this also travels along the surface of the wire. In this way, communication can be performed very efficiently. This is called the G-wire.

[Shigeo Yamaguchi]

[Reference] | Electric field | Current | Conductor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

高周波電流または電界(電場)が導体で表面付近のみを流れ、内部には流れない現象。電流・電界が浸透する厚さの目安を表皮厚といい、次の式で表される。


 金属板は電磁波に対して鏡として働く。電磁波は金属板に当たるとき、その大部分は反射されるが、一部は金属板内部へ浸透する。この電磁波は表面から離れるにしたがって急速に減衰する。表皮厚とは、表面のところの電界に対して、表面からの深さ約0.37倍となるところをいう。銅板に100メガヘルツ(TV波)が当たるときの表皮厚は約7マイクロメートルほどである。針金上を高周波電流が流れるとき、針金上の電流の分布は表面付近に集まるようになり、実効的に針金の中央部を流れない。これを避けるために、高周波電流の流れる針金は互いに絶縁した細い針金を束にしたものを使うことがある。これをリッツ線という。

 マイクロ波はアンテナから放射させるとしだいに広がり弱くなる。そこで送信アンテナと受信アンテナの間に針金を張れば、送信側アンテナの針金上につくられた表皮電流は針金を伝わって受信アンテナに達する。この場合、針金の外側にも高周波電磁界があるが、これも針金面に沿って進む。このようにして非常に効率よく通信することができる。これをG線という。

[山口重雄]

[参照項目] | 電場 | 電流 | 導体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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