This refers to the cell layer that covers the surface of the primary plant body that originates directly from the shoot apex or root tip. Most of them are single-cell layers, but those that become multi-layered by parallel division of the pre-epidermis before differentiating into the epidermis are called multi-layered epidermis. The epidermis of stems and leaves originates from the outermost layer of the shoot apical meristem, but in angiosperms and some gymnosperms, the shoot apex is divided into vellum and endoplasm based on the polarity of cell division (cells and tissues that show morphological and physiologically different properties along a certain axis), and the epidermis originates directly from the group of original cells of the first layer of the vellum. In contrast, in most gymnosperms and ferns, the cells of the outermost layer do not separate by cutting out cells to the inside. Unlike in the cases of stems and leaves, the epidermis of roots is not continuous with the epidermis of the embryo, but originates from the root apical meristem that arises inside, and some have an independent group of original epidermal cells, while others do not. When the epidermis is destroyed by secondary thickening or other processes, a cork cambium develops inside, forming a periderm that covers the surface of the plant body in place of the epidermis. The epidermis is made up of living cells, most commonly flat, tightly packed together to cover the surface of the plant. In the epidermis of the aboveground parts, the outer cell walls and the secretion of a lipid called pectin to the outside create a cuticle layer to prevent water evaporation. In the roots, there is almost no cuticle. In addition, epidermal cells of the aboveground parts may contain pigments such as anthocyanins, and in ferns and gymnosperms, they usually contain chloroplasts. Examples of epidermal structures with special structures include guard cells that create stomata in leaves and stems, hairs, scales, and root hairs. Stomata are formed in the gap between two guard cells, and open and close according to changes in the turgor pressure of guard cells with specially structured cell walls. They serve as passageways for gas exchange and transpiration, particularly for photosynthesis and respiration in leaves. Guard cells may be accompanied by synergid cells, and these are collectively called the stomatal apparatus. The developmental process of the stomatal apparatus is divided into several types, each with its own characteristics depending on the taxonomic group. Hairs are epidermal cells that extend long outward, and when cell division occurs, they become multicellular hairs. Hairs have various structures and functions, and are important characteristics in classification. Depending on their shape, hairs are classified into, for example, cotton hairs, spinous hairs, hooked hairs, drainage hairs, glandular hairs, sting hairs, and sensory hairs. The hairs on cotton seeds are used as cotton fiber. Root hairs are epidermal cells that grow long near the tip of the root where elongation has finished. Root hairs significantly increase the surface area of the root and help absorb water and nutrients from the soil, but they are short-lived and are replaced by new root hairs that grow at the tip of the root one after another. For information on animal epidermis, please refer to the separate article ``Skin.'' [Eimasa Nishino] [Reference] |© Satoshi Shimazoe Dicotyledonous root (cross section) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
茎頂や根端から直接由来した一次植物体の表面を覆う細胞層をいう。そのほとんどは一細胞層であるが、表皮として分化する前の前表皮の並層分裂によって多層となったものは多層表皮という。茎や葉の表皮は茎頂分裂組織の最外層から起源するが、被子植物や一部の裸子植物では、茎頂は細胞分裂の極性(細胞や組織が、ある軸に沿って形態的、生理的に異なる性質を示すこと)から外衣と内体とに区分され、表皮は外衣第一層の始原細胞群から直接由来する。これに対して、大部分の裸子植物とシダ植物では、最外層の細胞は内部へも細胞を切り出して独立していない。根の表皮は茎や葉の場合と異なり、胚(はい)の表皮とは連続せず、内部に生じた根端分裂組織から由来し、独立した表皮の始原細胞群をもつものと、もたないものとがある。二次肥大などに表皮が破壊されると、その内部にコルク形成層が生じ、周皮をつくって、表皮に代わって植物体の表面を覆う。 表皮は生きた細胞からなり、もっとも普通には平板状で、すきまなく並んで植物体の表面を覆う。地上部の表皮では、外側の細胞壁やその外へペクチンという脂質を分泌してクチクラ層をつくり、水の蒸散を防ぐ。根ではクチクラ層がほとんどない。また、地上部の表皮細胞では、アントシアニンなどの色素を含むことがあり、シダ植物や裸子植物では葉緑体を含むことが普通である。 特殊な構造の表皮としては、葉や茎で気孔をつくる孔辺細胞、毛、鱗片(りんぺん)、根毛などがある。気孔は二つの孔辺細胞間のすきまにでき、特殊な構造の細胞壁をもつ孔辺細胞の膨圧の変化によって開閉し、とくに葉での光合成と呼吸のためのガス交換と蒸散の通路となる。孔辺細胞は助細胞を伴うことがあり、これらをまとめて気孔装置という。気孔装置の発生過程はいくつかの型に区分され、分類群によってそれぞれ特徴がある。表皮細胞が外側へ長く伸長したものが毛で、細胞分裂が伴うと多細胞の毛となる。毛にはさまざまな構造と機能があり、分類のうえでは重要な形質となる。毛は、その形によって、たとえば綿毛(めんもう)、棘毛(きょくもう)、鉤状(こうじょう)毛、排水毛、腺毛(せんもう)、刺毛、感覚毛などに分類される。綿繊維として利用されるのは、ワタの種子の毛である。根毛は、根の先端近くの伸長成長が終わった部分の表皮細胞が長く伸長したものである。根毛は根の表面積を著しく拡大し、土中の水や養分の吸収に働くが短命で、次々と根の先端側に生じる新しい根毛へと交替する。 なお、動物の表皮については別項「皮膚」を参照されたい。 [西野栄正] [参照項目] |©島添 敏"> 双子葉植物の根(断面図) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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