Human skin color varies significantly depending on race and other factors. Most variations in color are determined by the amount of melanin pigment contained in the skin. When there is little melanin pigment, the skin appears reddish or bluish due to the color of the blood passing through the skin. When the epidermis is highly keratinized, the skin appears whitish. The skin contains small amounts of a yellow pigment called carotene. In addition, when a person suffers from jaundice, the skin turns yellow due to bilirubin. Several methods have been attempted to display skin color. (1) There are 13 shades of color ranging from dark brown to pale white. (2) Classify and present hue, lightness, and saturation using a series of mathematical formulas. (3) Create a color chart of various colors and compare it with the skin. (4) Quantitatively measure skin tone using a photoelectric color meter. However, due to the physical characteristics of the skin itself, it is difficult to express the ideal skin tone. The appearance of the human body is significantly affected by skin tone, but if we look at all the human population on Earth before the era of today's rapid migration, those with dark skin lived in low latitudes, while those with light skin increased with increasing latitude. Dark skin absorbs more heat rays, which may seem disadvantageous in the tropics, but sweating cools the body. Here, it is more important to prevent harmful ultraviolet rays from entering the body, so melanin pigment is contained in large amounts from the epidermis to the dermis. Melanin pigment blocks ultraviolet rays and does not allow them to penetrate to the subcutaneous tissue. Due to a disruption of genetic information, some animals are unable to produce melanin pigment, which is called albinism. This phenomenon is also seen in humans, and individuals with relatively light skin are born, but it is difficult to survive in the tropics. At high latitudes and in areas with little sunlight due to cloudy skies, the effects of ultraviolet rays are less severe, and the skin of the entire population becomes lighter. In particular, in the northern half of Europe, where there is little sunlight, individuals with light skin are advantageous. Vitamin D is necessary for bone development, and when exposed to ultraviolet light of a certain wavelength, vitamin D is produced in the body. As mentioned above, there is a close relationship between human skin tone and the amount of sunlight. Even among Caucasians, people in Northern Europe have light skin, while people in India have dark skin. Racism on the basis of skin color is completely meaningless in itself. Even within the same race, there are some individual differences in skin tone, and it is also strongly influenced by genetics. Even within the same individual, there are differences in shade depending on the part of the body, and melanin production in exposed areas increases, causing sunburn. Skin color in areas such as the vulva is naturally darker. Mongoloid children are seen to have psoriasis on their buttocks and backs, which is caused by the deposition of pigment cells in the deep layers of the dermis. [Shise Kahara] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人類の皮膚の色調は人種その他の要因によって著しく異なる。色調の変異のおおかたは、皮膚中に含まれるメラニン色素量の多少により決定される。メラニン色素が少ない場合は、皮下の血液の色の透過によって皮膚は赤みや青みを帯びてみえる。また表皮の角化が進んでいると、白っぽくなる。皮膚には少量ながらカロチンという黄色色素が含まれている。また黄疸(おうだん)を患うと、ビリルビンにより皮膚は黄ばんでくる。皮膚色調の表示にはいくつかの方法が試みられている。 (1)黒褐色から淡白色までの間を13段階の色調名で表現する。 (2)色相、明度、彩度を一連の数式で分類、呈示する。 (3)種々の色調を配列した比色表を作成し、皮膚と対比する。 (4)光電色沢計で皮膚色調を数量的に測定する。しかし、皮膚自体の物理学的特性があるため、理想どおりの皮膚色調の表現は困難である。 人体の外観は皮膚色調により著しく影響されるが、今日のような移動の激しい時代以前の地球上の人類全体を見渡すと、濃色の皮膚をもつ者は、低緯度地帯に集中して住み、緯度が高くなるにつれて淡色の者が増加する。濃色の皮膚は熱線をよけいに吸収し、熱帯では不利のようにみえるが、発汗作用によって身体は冷却される。ここでは光線内の有害な紫外線の体内侵入を阻止するほうが重要であり、そのために表皮から真皮にかけてメラニン色素が多量に含まれる。メラニン色素は紫外線を阻止し、皮下まで透過させない。遺伝子情報の乱れから、動物のなかにはメラニン色素を産出できない個体が、ある頻度で出現するが、これを白化現象という。この現象は人類にもみられ、比較的淡色の肌の個体が生まれるが、熱帯では生存しにくい。緯度が高く、また曇天などによって日照量が少ない地方では、紫外線の影響が及びにくく、住民全体の皮膚の明色化が進む。とくに日照量の少ないヨーロッパ北半地帯では明色の肌の個体のほうが有利である。骨の発育にはビタミンDが必要であるが、ある波長の紫外線照射があれば、体内でビタミンDが生成されるからである。以上のように人類の皮膚色調と日照量の間には密接な関係がある。同じコーカソイドでも北欧人の肌は明色、インド人は濃色である。 皮膚の色で人種差別をすることはそれ自体無意味きわまる。同じ人種でも皮膚色調にはある程度の個人差があり、また遺伝の影響を強く受ける。同一個人でも身体部位により濃淡の差があり、露出部では皮膚内のメラニン生成が盛んになり、日焼けする。外陰部などの皮膚色は本来濃い。モンゴロイドの小児の尻部から背中にかけて小児斑(しょうにはん)がみられるが、これは真皮の深層に色素細胞が沈着したものである。 [香原志勢] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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