Cutaneous tuberculosis

Japanese: 皮膚結核 - ひふけっかく(英語表記)Cutaneous tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis

Cutaneous tuberculosis is large, Genuine ( New life ) Cutaneous tuberculosis (where the tuberculosis bacteria invade the skin and cause lesions) Tuberculous rash ( Results ) (skin lesions caused by tuberculosis foci elsewhere in the body)

In true cutaneous tuberculosis, Lupus vulgaris ( Human Rights Law ) , Skin gland disease ( Skin disease ) , Cutaneous verrucous tuberculosis ( Hifuyujo result ) There are also cases where the skin tissue is taken from the affected area to culture the tuberculosis bacteria, Nucleic Acid Amplification ( The Three-Fold Luck Law ) This special test identifies tuberculosis bacteria.

On the other hand, tuberculosis has Gangrenous papular ( Esophageal reflux disease ) Tuberculous, Bazan Erythema induratum ( Public health inspection ) etc., and no tuberculosis bacteria are present in the skin lesions.

In both cases, active investigation of tuberculosis lesions in other organs of the body is required.

Lupus vulgaris

It occurs when the tuberculosis bacillus infects the skin of a person who is immune to the bacillus. It is a very rare disease, but it is one of the most common types of true cutaneous tuberculosis, along with scrotal cutaneous disease. The tuberculosis bacillus infects the skin from tuberculous lesions in other organs, such as the lungs, via the blood or lymphatic system, or from the outside.

It often occurs on the face and neck. Millet ( Dragon ) Large yellowish-brownish lumps gradually coalesce to form red patches, which spread to the edges and become scar-like in the center (Figure 54). Sometimes a round ulcer develops, and sometimes an irregular lump appears from the beginning.

Diagnosis is based on the characteristics of the rash, the findings of tissue samples taken from the skin, and the presence of tuberculosis bacteria. It is necessary to distinguish it from gumma, discoid lupus erythematosus, leprosy, sarcoidosis, sporotrichosis, and chromomycosis.

Treatment involves taking two anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, or three drugs, including ethambutol, together, and this must be continued for six months to a year. Scarring ( Stamp ) This can leave behind a layer of skin that can develop into squamous cell carcinoma (lupus cancer).

Skin scrofula

Neck and Armpit ( Armpit ) This is a disease caused by direct infection of the tuberculosis bacillus from tuberculous lesions in lymph nodes, bones, joints, muscles, or tendons close to the skin, such as under the skin. Although it is very rare, it is one of the most common types of true cutaneous tuberculosis, along with lupus vulgaris. It may be accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis.

It usually starts with swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, and the mass gradually grows larger and adheres to the skin. abscess ( Use ) The skin naturally breaks down and ulcers form (Figure 55). The abscesses tunnel together under the skin, forming a noticeable, uneven scar.

The examination requires a culture of tuberculosis bacteria by taking a sample of pus from the lesion. The tuberculin reaction will be positive, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate will also be elevated. The extent of the lesion will be confirmed by CT or MRI, and the presence of tuberculosis lesions in other organs will be examined.

Diagnosis is easy based on the characteristics of the skin lesions, but gumma, malignant lymphoma, Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease ( Contest success rate ) It is necessary to distinguish between these and other

Treatment involves taking a combination of two anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin, or three drugs, including ethambutol, for six months to a year.

3. Cutaneous tuberculosis ( verrucous tuberculosis )

Skin lesions resemble warts, and are often found on the extremities and buttocks, where the skin is easily injured, and progress as a chronic condition. The disease develops when tuberculosis bacteria infect a wound on the skin from the outside.

It starts as reddish brown bumps, which gradually spread and develop into wart-like areas on the surface. Scarring ( Stamp ) The lesion heals, leaving behind a pile, but the edges become raised like a levee or wart, forming an arch, and the condition becomes chronic.

The tuberculin reaction is positive. A skin sample is taken for tissue examination, and tuberculosis bacteria are always cultured to help with diagnosis. Lupus ( Rousou ) It is necessary to distinguish it from chromomycosis, etc.

Treatment involves taking anti-tuberculosis drugs orally, similar to that for lupus vulgaris.

Gangrenous papular tuberculous rash

Numerous dark red bumps appear mainly on the front of the limbs, and the center of the bumps becomes a scab and falls off, leaving a small ulcer. It heals naturally, but new bumps appear one after another, and old and new bumps are mixed together. It occurs more often in relatively young women.

Allergy to tuberculosis bacteria or its metabolites causes inflammation of blood vessels in the shallow part of the skin, resulting in small skin lesions. Necrosis ( Replying to @sarah_mcdonald ) It is believed that the lesions develop as a result of infection with the skin. Tuberculosis bacteria are not found in the skin lesions.

Antituberculous drugs are used, but the disease often resists treatment and the skin lesions come and go.

Erythema induratum of Bazin

It mainly occurs in women on both shins. It starts as a palpable reddish purple spot about the size of a pea, which gradually grows larger and may become ulcerated as it gets older (Figure 56). It is not very painful.

It is said to occur when tuberculosis bacteria or their toxins reach the skin of a person who is immune to tuberculosis bacteria, but some people deny the connection to tuberculosis because there is rarely any active tuberculosis in other organs and the tuberculosis bacteria cannot be found.

Other similar diseases include erythema nodosum, thrombophlebitis, and Behcet's disease, and in order to distinguish between them, tests must be done to remove skin tissue.

The most important treatment is to rest the legs. Antituberculous drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are also used.

Tada Yoshiharu

Figure 54 Lupus vulgaris (under the chin)
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Figure 54 Lupus vulgaris (under the chin)

Fig. 55. Skin sclerotia (right side of neck)
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Fig. 55. Skin sclerotia (right side of neck)

Figure 56 Erythema induratum Bazin (bottom)
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Figure 56 Erythema induratum Bazin (bottom)


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

 皮膚結核は大きく、真性(しんせい)皮膚結核(結核菌が皮膚に侵入してそこに病巣をつくる)と結核疹(けっかくしん)(体内のほかの結核病巣が原因となって皮膚に病変が起こる)に分けられます。

 真性皮膚結核には、尋常性狼瘡(じんじょうせいろうそう)皮膚腺病(ひふせんびょう)皮膚疣状結核(ひふゆうじょうけっかく)などがあり、病変部から皮膚組織をとって結核菌を培養したり、核酸増幅法(かくさんぞうふくほう)という特殊な検査で結核菌を証明します。

 一方、結核疹には、壊疽性丘疹状(えそせいきゅうしんじょう)結核疹、バザン硬結性紅斑(こうけつせいこうはん)などが含まれ、皮膚病変部には結核菌はいません。

 いずれも、体のほかの臓器の結核病巣を積極的に調べる必要があります。

尋常性狼瘡(じんじょうせいろうそう)

 結核菌に対して免疫がある人の皮膚に、結核菌が感染して起こります。非常にまれな病気ですが、真性皮膚結核のなかでは皮膚腺病とともに多い病気です。結核菌は、肺などほかの臓器の結核病巣から血液やリンパ管を介して、あるいは外部から皮膚に感染して発症します。

 顔や首によく発生します。粟粒(ぞくりゅう)大の黄赤褐色調の塊が次第に融合して赤い局面となり、辺縁に広がってゆき中心は傷跡のようになります(図54)。丸い潰瘍ができたり、初めから不規則な塊ができる場合もあります。

 診断は、発疹の特徴、皮膚からとった組織の所見、結核菌の証明などから行います。ゴム腫、円板状エリテマトーデス、ハンセン病、サルコイドーシス、スポロトリコーシス、クロモミコーシスなどとの区別が必要です。

 治療は、抗結核薬のイソニアジドとリファンピシンの2剤やエタンブトールを加えた3剤を一緒に内服する併用療法を行いますが、半年から1年継続することが必要です。治っても瘢痕(はんこん)を残し、そこに有棘(ゆうきょく)細胞がんが発生すること(狼瘡がん)があります。

皮膚腺病(ひふせんびょう)

 首や(わき)の下などに、皮膚に近いリンパ節、骨、関節、筋肉、あるいは腱の結核病巣から結核菌が皮膚へ直接感染して起こる病気です。非常にまれですが、真性皮膚結核のなかで尋常性狼瘡とともに多い病気です。活動性の肺結核を伴っていることがあります。

 通常は首のリンパ節がはれることから始まり、その塊が少しずつ大きくなって皮膚と癒着して膿瘍(のうよう)となり(図55)、皮膚が自然に崩れて潰瘍ができます。膿瘍は皮膚のなかで互いにトンネル状に連なって、凹凸の目立つ瘢痕をつくります。

 検査は、病巣からうみをとって結核菌の培養を必ず行います。ツベルクリン反応は陽性となり、赤沈も亢進します。病巣部の範囲をCTやMRIで確認し、ほかの臓器に結核病変がないかを調べます。

 診断は、皮膚病変の特徴などから容易ですが、ゴム腫、悪性リンパ腫、非結核性抗酸菌症(ひけっかくせいこうさんきんしょう)などとの区別が必要です。

 治療は、抗結核薬のイソニアジドとリファンピシンの2剤やエタンブトールを加えた3剤の併用で、半年から1年間の内服が必要です。

皮膚疣状結核(ひふゆうじょうけっかく)

 皮膚病変がいぼに似ている皮膚結核で、皮膚に傷を受けやすい四肢やお尻にできることが多く、慢性に経過します。結核菌が外部から皮膚の傷に感染して発症します。

 赤茶色のぶつぶつとして始まり、少しずつ広がりながら表面はいぼ状となります。中央は瘢痕(はんこん)を残して治ってきますが、辺縁は堤防状、いぼ状に盛り上がって、弧を描いたように連なってゆき、慢性に経過します。

 ツベルクリン反応は陽性になります。皮膚をとって組織の検査を行い、また、結核菌も必ず培養して診断の参考にします。尋常性狼瘡(ろうそう)、クロモミコーシスなどとの区別が必要です。

 治療は、尋常性狼瘡に準じて抗結核薬を内服します。

壊疽性丘疹状結核疹(えそせいきゅうしんじょうけっかくしん)

 主に四肢の前側に、暗赤色のぶつぶつが多数できて、その中心部はかさぶたとなって取れ、小さい潰瘍となります。自然に治癒しますが、次々と新しいものができ、古いものと新しいものが混在します。比較的若い女性に多く発症します。

 結核菌、あるいはその代謝産物に対するアレルギーにより、皮膚の浅い部分の血管に炎症が起き、皮膚が小さく壊死(えし)して病変ができると考えられています。皮膚病変部には結核菌は見つかりません。

 抗結核薬などが使用されますが、治療に抵抗することが多く、皮膚病変は出たり消えたりします。

⑤バザン硬結性紅斑(こうけつせいこうはん)

 主に女性の両方のすねに生じます。初めはエンドウマメ大くらいのしこりを触れる赤紫がかった斑点で、次第に大きくなり、古くなると表面が崩れて潰瘍になることがあります(図56)。痛みはひどくありません。

 結核菌に免疫がある人の皮膚に、結核菌あるいはその毒素などが到達して起こるとされていますが、ほかの臓器に活動性の結核の合併が少ないこと、結核菌が見つけられないことなどから、結核との関連を否定する考え方もあります。

 よく似た病気には、結節性紅斑(こうはん)、血栓性静脈炎、ベーチェット病などがあり、区別するためには皮膚組織を取って調べる検査が必要です。

 治療は、下肢の安静が最も重要です。抗結核薬や非ステロイド性消炎薬も用いられます。

多田 讓治

図54 尋常性狼瘡(あごの下)
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図54 尋常性狼瘡(あごの下)

図55 皮膚腺病(首の右横)
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図55 皮膚腺病(首の右横)

図56 バザン硬結性紅斑(下)
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図56 バザン硬結性紅斑(下)


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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