Ratification

Japanese: 批准 - ひじゅん（英語表記）ratification

The act of a state's competent organ giving final confirmation and definitive consent to a treaty whose contents have been finalized by signature, in accordance with the procedures of the state's domestic law (usually the constitution). This ratification system was established for two reasons. The first is historical and technical reasons. In the past, when transportation and communication were underdeveloped, plenipotentiaries in remote areas had to bring the contents of the treaty back to their home country for more accurate review. The second is political reasons. Since the 19th century, it has become common to give the legislature an opportunity to participate in the treaty-making process in order to add democratic control to the treaty-making process. Ratification is carried out by preparing an instrument of ratification, which is exchanged with the other country or deposited with the country hosting the diplomatic conference, and the treaty is officially established and comes into force. The person who has the right to ratify is determined by the constitution of each state, and in the case of Japan, the Cabinet has the authority to do so. It is carried out subject to the approval of the Diet and certification by the Emperor (Constitution, 7, 73).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

署名により内容が確定した条約に対して国家の権限ある機関が，各国国内法 (通常は憲法) 上の手続に従い行う最終的確認と確定的同意を与える行為。このような批准制度は次の二つの理由に基づき形成された。一つは歴史的・技術的理由であり，かつて交通通信が未発達の時代においては，遠隔地において全権代表が合意に達した条約内容をより正確に検討するため本国に持ち帰る必要があった。もう一つは政治的理由であり，条約締結の過程に民主的統制を加えるために立法府の参加する機会を与えることが 19世紀以降一般的になったことである。批准は批准書の作成により行い，それを相手国と交換，または外交会議開催国に寄託することにより条約は正式に成立し，効力を発生する。批准権者は各国憲法の定めるところであり，日本の場合，内閣にその権限がある。国会の承認を条件とし，天皇の認証を経ることによりこれを行う (憲法7，73) 。

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