Quantum theory (quantum field theory), which follows the requirements of the theory of relativity, predicts the existence of particles that have the same mass as all other elementary particles, but have opposite signs for the quantum numbers that characterize elementary particles, such as electric charge. These particles are called antiparticles. For example, the positron corresponds to the electron, and the antiproton to the proton. Furthermore, particles with a quantum number of zero, such as electric charge, may themselves be antiparticles. An example of this is the photon. According to the theory of relativity, a particle with energy E , momentum P , and mass m has the relationship E 2 - c 2 P 2 = m 2 c 4. Here, c represents the speed of light. According to quantum theory, particles are also waves. When solving the relativistic wave equation, there exists a solution for E = ( c 2 P 2 + m 2 c 4 ) 1/2 as well as a solution for E = - ( c 2 P 2 + m 2 c 4 ) 1/2 . If a negative energy solution exists, a particle can transition to any low energy state by releasing energy, so a stable material world cannot be obtained. In quantum field theory, a positive energy solution is reinterpreted as an operator that creates particles, and a negative energy solution is reinterpreted as an operator that eliminates antiparticles, and a consistent theory is constructed. As can be seen from this, creating a particle and eliminating an antiparticle result in the same change in quantum number, so particles and antiparticles have completely opposite quantum numbers. Therefore, if energy is concentrated in a vacuum, a particle and an antiparticle will be created as a pair, and conversely, a particle and an antiparticle can annihilate each other, leaving only energy. According to the requirements of quantum field theory, the mass of a particle and an antiparticle is equal, and if the particle is unstable, its lifetime is also equal. [Toshihide Maskawa] [Reference] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
相対性理論の要請に従う量子論(場の量子論)においては、素粒子には質量が等しく、電荷などの素粒子を特徴づけている量子数が異符号である粒子の存在が予言される。これを反粒子という。たとえば電子に対し陽電子が、陽子に対し反陽子がこれにあたる。また電荷などの量子数がゼロの粒子は、それ自身が反粒子であってもよい。光子がこの例である。 相対性理論によれば、エネルギーE、運動量P、質量mの粒子にはE2-c2P2=m2c4の関係がある。ここでcは光速を表す。量子論によれば粒子は波動でもある。相対論的波動方程式を解くと、E=(c2P2+m2c4)1/2の解と同時に E=-(c2P2+m2c4)1/2の解が存在する。負エネルギーの解が存在すると、エネルギーを放出していくらでも低いエネルギーの状態に粒子は遷移していけるので、安定な物質世界が得られない。場の量子論においては、正エネルギーの解は粒子をつくる演算子、負エネルギーの解は反粒子を消す演算子と再解釈して矛盾のない理論を建設する。これからもわかるように、粒子をつくることと反粒子を消すことが同じ量子数の変化を与えるので、粒子と反粒子はまったく逆の量子数をもつことになる。したがって真空にエネルギーを集中すれば粒子・反粒子が対(つい)生成し、また逆に粒子と反粒子はエネルギーのみを残して対消滅できる。場の量子論の要請によれば、粒子・反粒子の質量は等しく、不安定な粒子であればその寿命も等しい。 [益川敏英] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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