Handkerchief - Hankachi-fu (English spelling) handkerchief

Japanese: ハンカチーフ - はんかちーふ(英語表記)handkerchief
Handkerchief - Hankachi-fu (English spelling) handkerchief

A small, square hand towel. Handkerchief (shukin). In Japan, it is abbreviated to hankie or hankechi. There are practical ones for wiping hands and sweat, and decorative ones. In modern times, those for men's breast pockets are purely decorative, but the others are used for practical purposes regardless of their decorativeness, and are tucked away in pockets or handbags when not in use. The material and size vary depending on the purpose. For purely decorative formal wear and fashionable wear, silk or linen is used, while for practical use, linen, cotton, or blends of these with synthetic fibers are used, which are highly absorbent. Cotton is overwhelmingly more common in terms of quantity. In particular, plain weave fabrics such as lawn, in which the warp and weft threads are not very different in thickness, are often used, and gauze and terry cloth are also used for practical purposes. There are various sizes, but generally men's ones are 40 cm square or more, and women's ones are around 30 cm, and gauze and terry cloth ones tend to be slightly smaller. In addition to white and solid colors, there are many that are decorated with various woven patterns, prints, embroidery, drawn work, lace, etc.

There are various theories about the origin of the word, but the following is the most popular. Kerchiefs, a square piece of cloth worn on women's heads, began to be carried as an ornament by upper class people in the late Middle Ages, and in the 16th century, the word differentiated based on its use, and words for neck and pocket were added, resulting in words such as neckerchief and pocket handkerchief. It is thought that today's handkerchief developed from this pocket handkerchief.

Those from the 16th century were luxurious and decorative, with silk or linen fabrics richly decorated with beautiful lace and embroidery, and some even had jewels and tassels. They were not limited to squares, but also came in a variety of shapes, including circles and ovals. They were important accessories that were part of the outfit, like fans and gloves, and were purely decorative. This trend also spread to men, and in the 17th and 18th centuries, they were decoratively displayed in the pockets of men's justecoles long jackets. Today's breast pocket handkerchiefs are thought to be remnants of this. Those used for practical purposes were called napkins to distinguish them from other handkerchiefs. There are some areas, such as Scotland, where this term still remains. Something equivalent to a practical handkerchief also existed in ancient Egypt, and in the Greek and Roman periods, there was a piece of cloth called a mappa, which was used to wipe the face or hands when eating with one's hands, which was a common practice at the time. Additionally, the fashion for extremely extravagant decorative handkerchiefs lasted until the mid-19th century, after which it went out of fashion.

[Tanaka Toshiko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

小形で四角な手ふき布。手巾(しゅきん)。日本ではハンカチ、ハンケチと略称されている。手や汗ふきなどの実用目的のものと、装飾用のものとがある。現代では、男子上衣の胸ポケット用のものは純然たる装飾用だが、その他のものは装飾性の多少を問わず実用にも供され、使わないときはポケットやハンドバッグの中にしまい込まれている。用途に応じて材質やサイズはさまざまで、礼装、おしゃれ用の純然たる装飾用には絹や麻地が、実用向きには吸湿性のよい麻や木綿や、これらと合繊の混紡地が使われる。数量的には木綿が圧倒的に多い。とくにローンなど、経(たて)糸と緯(よこ)糸の太さがあまり異ならない平織地が多く使われ、実用本位のものにはガーゼやタオル地のものもある。サイズは種々あるが、一般的に男子用は40センチメートル四方以上、女子用は30センチメートル内外で、ガーゼやタオル地のものは、やや小形が多い。白や色無地のほか、さまざまな織り模様入り、プリント、刺しゅう、ドロンワーク、レースなどの装飾が施されたものも多い。

 語源には諸説あるが、次の説が有名である。婦人の頭にかぶられていた四角い布、カーチーフkerchiefが、中世末期に上流の人々の間で装飾として手に持たれるようになり、16世紀になると、用途上のことばの分化がおこり、ネックやポケットの語がつけられて、ネッカチーフneckerchief、ポケットハンカチーフpockethandkerchiefなどの語が発生した。この、ポケットハンカチーフから発展したのが今日のハンカチーフと考えられる。

 16世紀のものは豪華、装飾的で、絹やリネン地にみごとなレースや刺しゅうを豊富に施し、なかには宝石や房飾りのついたものまでみられる。形も四角に限らず、円、楕円(だえん)形など、さまざまなものがあった。これらは扇や手袋と同等な、服装の一部をなす重要なアクセサリーであり、純然たる装飾用であった。この流行は男子にも及び、17~18世紀には、男子の長上衣ジュストコールのポケットから装飾的にのぞかせていた。今日の胸ポケットのハンカチーフは、この名残(なごり)かと思われる。実用に供されるものはナプキンnapkinと称して区別した。スコットランドなどに、いまなお、この呼称が残っている地方がある。実用本位のハンカチーフに相当するものは、古代エジプトにも存在し、ギリシア・ローマ時代には、顔をふいたり、当時、手づかみであった食事に際して、手をふいたりする布片が存在し、マッパmappaとよんでいた。また、極端に豪華な装飾用ハンカチーフの流行は、19世紀中ごろまで続いたのち廃れた。

[田中俊子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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