Baseline - Kisen (English spelling) baseline

Japanese: 基線 - きせん(英語表記)baseline
Baseline - Kisen (English spelling) baseline
A line drawn along the coast to measure the width of the territorial sea. There are ordinary baselines, which use the low-water line of the coast, and straight baselines, which use a straight line drawn by selecting appropriate points on the outermost low-water line in accordance with certain conditions of international law when the shape of the coastline is complex. In the Norwegian Fisheries case of 1951, the International Court of Justice set out the following conditions for adopting straight baselines: (1) they must not deviate significantly from the general direction of the coastline, (2) the waters inside must be closely connected to the land so that they can be recognized as internal waters, and (3) the special economic interests of the coastal region must be taken into consideration. In addition, if a bay exists, the baseline is the bay mouth closure line or a straight line drawn 24 nautical miles around the largest water area in the bay, and if the mouth of a river flows directly into the sea, a straight line across the river mouth is the baseline. In the case of an archipelago state, the applicability of archipelagic baselines is also an issue. (→ Status of archipelagos under international law )

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
領海の幅を測定するために海岸に接して引かれた線をいう。海岸の低潮線を採用する通常基線と,海岸線の形状が複雑な場合に,一定の国際法上の条件に従って最も外側にある低潮線上の適当な点を選択してこれを結んだ直線を採用する直線基線とがある。 1951年のノルウェー漁業事件において国際司法裁判所は,直線基線の採用に際して,(1) 海岸線の一般的な方向から著しく離れないこと,(2) 内側の水域が内水と認められるに足るほどに陸地と密接な関連があること,(3) 沿岸地域の特殊な経済的利益の考慮などの条件を示した。なお湾が存在する場合には,湾口閉鎖線もしくは湾内の最大の水域を囲むように引かれた 24カイリの直線が基線となり,河口が海に直接流入している場合には,河口を横切る直線が基線となる。また群島国家の場合には,群島基線の適用の可否が問題となる。 (→群島の国際法上の地位 )

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