Graduate School - Daigakuin

Japanese: 大学院 - だいがくいん
Graduate School - Daigakuin

A university is a part of a university or an independent higher education institution where undergraduate graduates (those who have obtained a bachelor's degree) and those who are recognized to have the same or higher academic ability pursue more in-depth academic and technical pursuits. In the United States and Britain, it is called a graduate school or postgraduate school.

[Tadashi Kaneko and Takekazu Ehara]

History

The origins of graduate schools are as old as the history of medieval European universities and the degree and title system, and it can be said that almost without exception, universities that had the authority to examine or award degrees had institutions or courses equivalent to graduate schools. As an organized system for advanced degrees, All Souls College in England, founded in 1438, is probably the oldest example of an independent graduate school. Johns Hopkins University in the United States, which opened in 1876, was founded with the idea of ​​an independent graduate university.

[Tadashi Kaneko and Takekazu Ehara]

Former Graduate School

In Japan, the name "graduate school" was codified in the Imperial University Act of 1886 (Meiji 19). These old-system graduate schools, together with specialized colleges, formed universities, and were places for "exploring the depths of academic knowledge" and became institutions that awarded doctoral degrees. The University Act of 1918 (Taisho 7) made it mandatory for all universities, both public and private, to establish research departments within their faculties, or to establish graduate schools above several faculties.

[Tadashi Kaneko and Takekazu Ehara]

New Graduate School System

After the Second World War, the educational reform led to the establishment of new graduate schools, which were based on schooling, in private universities in 1950, followed by national and public universities in 1953. The current system is based on the School Education Act and Graduate School Standards enacted in 1947, and the amendment to the School Education Act accompanying the enactment of the Graduate School Establishment Standards in 1974. The purpose of graduate schools is to teach and research theories and applications of academics, to cultivate deep knowledge and outstanding abilities to master their depths or to take on professions that require high levels of expertise, and to contribute to the advancement of culture (Article 99 of the School Education Act). Graduate school courses are divided into master's courses (standard period of study is two years), doctoral courses (standard period of study is five years; standard period of study is four years for medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine), and professional degree courses (standard period of study is two years) for professional graduate schools. Doctoral courses can be divided into two-year and three-year courses, or five-year courses can be integrated.

In 1987, the University Council was established as an organization to deliberate on the state of higher education. In 1991, the University Council revised the standards for establishing graduate schools, leading to the launch of new types of graduate schools, such as independent graduate schools, joint graduate schools, and affiliated graduate schools, and reforms of universities and graduate schools have been underway since the late 1980s. In 2008, there were 165,422 students enrolled in master's programs, 74,231 in doctoral programs, and 23,033 in professional degree programs. There are 2.1 graduate students per 1,000 people in Japan, and the ratio of graduate students to undergraduate students is 10.4% (2008), which is a large gap compared to the United States' 8.5 and 16.9% (2005), the United Kingdom's 9.4 and 43.5% (2006), and France's 8.4 and 69.2% (2006).

[Tadashi Kaneko and Takekazu Ehara]

Edited by Miyahara Shohei and Kawamura Ryo, Modern Graduate Schools (1980, Waseda University Press)Edited by Ehara Takekazu and Okugawa Yoshinao, Evaluation of American Graduate Schools - Focusing on Evaluation of Graduate Education by Specialty Field (1992, Hiroshima University Center for University Education Research)Edited by Arimoto Akira, Graduate School Research - The Structure and Function of Research Universities (1994, Hiroshima University Center for University Education Research)Edited by Ishii Shiro, Graduate School Education in a Time of Transition (1996, University Accreditation Association)Edited by Niibori Michiya, Nighttime Graduate Schools - Self-Reconstruction for Working Adults (1999, Toshin-do)Edited by B. Clark, Supervised translation by Shioki Morikazu, Research on Graduate Education (1999, Toshin-do)Edited by Ehara Takekazu and Magose Toru, Reforming Graduate Schools (2004, Toshin-do)"International Comparison of Educational Indicators" compiled by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (various editions by the National Printing Bureau, 2008 edition and later are available as PDF files on the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology website)

[Reference] | Degree | Higher Education | Master's degree | Johns Hopkins University | University | Graduate school | University reform | Imperial University | Doctor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大学の一部または独立の高等教育機関で、学部卒業生(学士号取得者)およびこれと同等以上の学力があると認められた者が、さらに精深な学術・技芸を探究するところである。英米ではgraduate school、またはpostgraduate schoolとよばれる。

[金子忠史・江原武一]

沿革

大学院の淵源(えんげん)は、ヨーロッパ中世の大学および学位・称号制度の歴史とともに古く、学位審査ないしは授与する権限をもった大学は、ほとんど例外なく大学院相当の機関ないしは課程をもっていたといえる。上級学位レベルの組織的な制度として、イギリスの1438年創立のオール・ソウルズ・カレッジAll Souls Collegeが、もっとも古い独立の大学院の例であろう。アメリカの1876年開校のジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学Johns Hopkins Universityは、独立の大学院大学の構想のもとに発足した。

[金子忠史・江原武一]

旧制大学院

日本では、1886年(明治19)の帝国大学令によって大学院の名称が明文化された。この旧制大学院は分科大学とともに大学を構成し、「学術の蘊奥(うんのう)を攻究する」場であり、博士(はくし)の学位を授ける機関となった。1918年(大正7)の大学令で、学部に研究科を置くか、または、数個の学部の上に大学院を置くことを官立・私立の全大学に義務づけた。

[金子忠史・江原武一]

新制大学院

第二次世界大戦後、学制改革によって、スクーリングを原則とする新制大学院が、1950年(昭和25)私立大学を皮切りに、1953年より国・公立大学に順次発足した。現行制度は、1947年制定の学校教育法と大学院基準および1974年の大学院設置基準の制定に伴う学校教育法改正に基づいている。大学院は、学術の理論および応用を教授研究し、その深奥をきわめ、または高度の専門性が求められる職業を担うための深い学識および卓越した能力を培い、文化の進展に寄与することを目的とする(学校教育法99条)。大学院における課程は修士課程(標準修業年限2年)、博士課程(標準修業年限5年。医学、歯学、獣医学は標準修業年限4年)、専門職大学院の課程である専門職学位課程(標準修業年限2年)に区分される。博士課程は前期2年、後期3年の課程に区分するものと、5年一貫のものも認められている。

 1987年(昭和62)、高等教育のあり方に関する審議を行う機関として、大学審議会(大学審)が設置された。1991年(平成3)の大学審の大学院設置基準改正により、大学院大学(独立大学院)、連合大学院、連携大学院など新形態の大学院が発足するなど、1980年代後半より大学改革・大学院改革が進められている。2008年の大学院在学者数は修士課程16万5422人、博士課程7万4231人、専門職学位課程2万3033人である。日本の人口1000人当りの大学院生数は2.1人、学部学生に対する大学院生の比率は10.4%(2008)であり、アメリカの8.5人、16.9%(2005)、イギリスの9.4人、43.5%(2006)、フランスの8.4人、69.2%(2006)などに比べて大きな隔たりがある。

[金子忠史・江原武一]

『宮原将平・川村亮編『現代の大学院』(1980・早稲田大学出版部)』『江原武一・奥川義尚著『アメリカの大学院評価――大学院教育の専門分野別評価を中心に』(1992・広島大学大学教育研究センター)』『有本章編『大学院の研究――研究大学の構造と機能』(1994・広島大学大学教育研究センター)』『石井紫郎編『転換期の大学院教育』(1996・大学基準協会)』『新堀通也編『夜間大学院――社会人の自己再構築』(1999・東信堂)』『B・クラーク編著、潮木守一監訳『大学院教育の研究』(1999・東信堂)』『江原武一・馬越徹編著『大学院の改革』(2004・東信堂)』『文部科学省編『教育指標の国際比較』(各年版・国立印刷局、平成20年版以降は文部科学省ホームページにてPDF形式のファイルで提供)』

[参照項目] | 学位 | 高等教育 | 修士 | ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学 | 大学 | 大学院大学 | 大学改革 | 帝国大学 | 博士

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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