Arakawa-so

Japanese: 荒川荘 - あらかわのしょう

This manor was established in the ancient Arakawa-go (Wamyo-sho) on the south bank of the Kinokawa River in Naka-gun, Kii Province, and its territory included the entire area of Momoyama-cho in Wakayama Prefecture and part of Kokawa-cho (both towns are now part of Kinokawa City). It is also written as Arakawa or Anraku-gawa (river). It was originally the territory of Byodo-in Temple in Uji, but in 1129 Byodo-in Temple Daiso Gyoson donated it to the retired Emperor Toba, and it became the territory of Toba-in Temple. According to an inspection in 1135, there were over 36 cho of rice paddies (over 32 cho of miscellaneous land) and over 53 cho of farmland (over 20 cho of miscellaneous land), with 31 lay households and 2,936 mulberry trees planted. After the death of Emperor Toba in 1156, the temple was passed down to his wife, Bifukumon'in, and in 1159 it was used as an offering for events such as the All-Sutra Ceremony, in which all the sutras were offered by Bifukumon'in to Mount Koya to commemorate the soul of the retired emperor (the main family position was retained by Bifukumon'in, and it later became the property of Emperor Hachijo). Mount Koya informed the manor official that the shogunate would be under the control of the Koyasan Shigyo and Daishu, and they began to manage it, but due to disturbances and vandalism by Sato Nakakiyo, who was the custodian of the Sekkanke family's land to the north, and invasions from Yoshinaka-sho to the west and Tomobuchi-sho to the east, things did not get back on track until around 1164, when Mount Koya finally allocated 70 u of laypeople, more than 2 cho of rice fields, and more than 11 cho of farmland to 134 monks including the Kengyo, and established a system of exemption from the household and divided land control. However, when the Genpei War broke out, Nakakiyo's son Yoshikiyo took advantage of the situation and divided the land of the shogunate, which covered more than 30 cho to the east and west and more than 10 cho to the north and south, leading to a dispute. During this process, Yoshikiyo built a castle in Tanaka Manor, gathered troops, and tried to disrupt the rebellion by attacking the manor, but Yoshikiyo's claims were not supported by Minamoto no Yoritomo, and the manor was confirmed as Koyasan's territory. No lord was appointed to the manor, and the influential local Kumon Morikage was banished in 1193. As a result, by 1254 the total area had reached 101 cho and 350 koku of rice, indicating that a system of direct control of Koyasan had been established in the 13th century. However, in the late Kamakura period, Minamoto no Tametoki (Hoshin) of Takano-ji Temple in the manor became the leader and formed a villainous group that rebelled against Koyasan and caused trouble for the mountain. Tametoki frequently committed murders both inside and outside the manor, leading to his expulsion from the manor, but he intensified his activities, and from 1290 to the following year, he conspired with villains from both Yoshinaka and Nate manors, killing many women and horses and cattle, and setting fire to and robbing peasant houses. Koyasan reported this to the shogunate, which led to a lawsuit, but the outcome is unknown. After that, during the Nanboku-cho civil war, Koyasan's control became a mere name, but after the war, he began to rebuild, and an inspection was carried out from 1412 to the following year, which revealed that the total area was 93 cho and the monk's share of rice was 274 koku. After that, peasants repeatedly demanded tax reductions, and eventually a peasant request was established, but Koyasan's control was maintained until the end of the Middle Ages, and even in the early modern period, the villages in the former manor area were included in Koyasan's territory.
→ Related article Kamino Magokuso

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

紀伊国那賀(なか)郡の紀ノ川南岸，古代の荒川郷（《和名抄》）に成立した荘園で，現和歌山県桃山町全域と粉河(こかわ)町の一部（２町とも現・紀の川市）を荘域とした。荒河，安楽川（河）とも書く。もと宇治平等院領であったが，1129年平等院大僧正行尊が鳥羽上皇に寄進，鳥羽院領として成立。1135年の検注によると田36町余（見作32町余）・畠53町余（見作20町余）で，在家(ざいけ)数は31宇，桑2936本が植えられていた。1156年鳥羽法皇が没すると妃美福門院が伝領，1159年には法皇の菩提(ぼだい)を弔(とむら)うため美福門院が高野(こうや)山に寄進した一切経による一切経会などの供料として施入された（本家職は美福門院が保持し，のち八条院領となる）。高野山は当荘を高野山執行(しぎょう)・大衆(だいしゅ)による支配とすることを荘官に伝え，経営に当たったが，北隣の摂関家領田仲荘預所(あずかりどころ)佐藤仲清による乱妨，狼藉や西隣吉仲荘，東隣鞍淵(ともぶち)荘からの侵略があって1164年ころまで軌道に乗らず，同年ようやく高野山は，在家70宇，田２町余，畠11町余を検校(けんぎょう)以下134僧に配分，免家・分田支配を創設した。しかしその後源平争乱が起こると，それに乗じた仲清の子能清が当荘の東西30町余，南北10町余に及ぶ地を割き取り，相論となった。その過程で能清は田仲荘内に城を構えて軍兵を集め，当荘に打ち入るなどの乱妨を働いているが，能清の主張は源頼朝の支持を得られず，高野山領として安堵された。当荘には地頭は置かれず，在地で勢力をもっていた公文(くもん)盛景も1193年追放された。その結果，1254年には総面積101町余，分米350石余に達しており，13世紀に入って高野山の直務(じきむ)支配体制が整えられたことを物語っている。しかし鎌倉時代後期になると荘内高野(たかの)寺の源為時（法心）が張本となって悪党を結成して高野山に反抗，高野山を悩ませた。為時はたびたび荘内，荘外で殺害事件を引き起こして荘外に追放されるが，活動をいっそう激化させ，1290年から翌年にかけて吉仲・名手(なて)両荘の悪党と結託して多数の女人や牛馬を殺害，百姓の家屋に放火して略奪を行っている。これに対して高野山は幕府に告発し，訴訟となったが結末は不明。その後南北朝内乱のなかで高野山の支配は有名無実化したが，乱後再建に取り組み，1412年から翌年にかけて検注を実施，総面積93町余，分米274石余と把握された。以後百姓の年貢減免要求が繰り返され，やがて百姓請が成立するが，中世末まで高野山の支配は維持され，近世にも旧荘域の村々は高野山領とされた。
→関連項目神野真国荘

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