Myrdal (Karl) Gunnar

Japanese: ミュルダール（英語表記）Myrdal， (Karl) Gunnar

Born: 6 December 1898. Gustavus
[Died] May 17, 1987. Stockholm. Swedish economist and sociologist. After graduating from Stockholm University, he became a lecturer there in 1927, and was a professor there from 1933 to 1950 and from 1960 onwards. During that time, he was active as a member of parliament from 1936 to 1938 and 1944 to 1945, Minister of Commerce from 1945 to 1947, and Chairman of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe from 1947 to 1957, and showed his talent as a practitioner. Before World War II, he was one of the leading theorists of the Nordic school, and was mainly active in the areas of monetary equilibrium theory and economic methodology, which introduced the concepts of ``ex ante'' and ``ex post.'' During and after the war, he gradually broadened his interest to sociological fields, and continued to be active in areas such as the problem of blacks in America, problems in developing countries, and problems of the future of the world. In 1974, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences along with F. Hayek. His wife, politician A. Myrdal, was also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982. His works include Vetenskap och politik i national-economien (1930), Monetary Equilibrium (39), "An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy" (44), Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions (57), Beyond the Welfare State (60), Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (68), The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline (70), and many others.

Myrdal
Myrdal, Alva

Born: January 31, 1902, Uppsala
[Died] February 1, 1986. Stockholm. Swedish female diplomat, politician, and sociologist. Graduated from Stockholm University and Uppsala University. 1949-50, Director of the Social Affairs Department of the United Nations Secretariat. 1951-55, Director of the Social Sciences Department at UNESCO Headquarters. 1955-56, Minister to India and Burma. 1956-61, Ambassador to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). 1962, Member of Parliament. 1962, Swedish representative to the Disarmament Committee in Geneva. 1967, Minister of State for Disarmament. 1982, shared the Nobel Peace Prize with former Mexican Foreign Minister Garcia Robles. Her books include "Crisis in the Population Problem" (1934) and "Are We Too Many?" (50), co-authored with her husband, economist G. Myrdal.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1898.12.6. グスタフス
[没]1987.5.17. ストックホルム
スウェーデンの経済学者，社会学者。ストックホルム大学卒業後，1927年同大学講師となり，33～50年および 60年以降同大学教授。その間の 36～38，44～45年国会議員，45～47年商務相，47～57年国連ヨーロッパ経済委員会委員長として活躍し，実務家としても才能を発揮した。第2次世界大戦前は北欧学派の代表的理論家の一人として「事前」「事後」の概念を導入した貨幣的均衡論や経済学方法論の面でおもに活躍していたが，戦中～戦後は次第に社会学的方面に関心を広め，アメリカの黒人問題や発展途上国問題，将来世界の問題などで活発な活動を続けた。 74年 F.ハイエクとともにノーベル経済学賞受賞。夫人の政治家 A.ミュルダールも，82年ノーベル平和賞を受賞。著作は『経済学説と政治的要素』 Vetenskap och politik i national-economien (1930) ，『貨幣的均衡論』 Monetary Equilibrium (39) ，"An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy" (44) ，『経済理論と低開発地域』 Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions (57) ，『福祉国家を越えて』 Beyond the Welfare State (60) ，『アジアのドラマ』 Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (68) ，『貧困からの挑戦』 The Challenge of World Poverty: A World Anti-Poverty Program in Outline (70) など多数。

ミュルダール
Myrdal， Alva

[生]1902.1.31. ウプサラ
[没]1986.2.1. ストックホルム
スウェーデンの女性外交官，政治家，社会学者。ストックホルム大学，ウプサラ大学を卒業。 1949～50年国連事務局社会問題部長，51～55年ユネスコ本部社会科学部長，55～56年インド，ビルマ両国駐在公使。 56～61年セイロン (現スリランカ) 駐在大使，62年国会議員，62年からジュネーブの軍縮委員会のスウェーデン代表となり，67年軍縮担当国務相を兼務。 82年メキシコのガルシア・ロブレス元外相とともにノーベル平和賞受賞。著書には経済学者の夫，G.ミュルダールとの共著"Crisis in the Population Problem" (1934) ，"Are We Too Many?" (50) などがある。

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