Bubble box - Awabako

Japanese: 泡箱 - あわばこ
Bubble box - Awabako

A device that observes the tracks of charged particles by generating bubbles in a liquid. A translation of the word bubble chamber. In 1952, Glaser succeeded in an experiment with a bubble chamber using an organic liquid. The liquid is sealed in a sealed container and kept at an appropriate temperature and pressure. When the pressure is reduced mechanically to a level that does not boil, the liquid becomes superheated. When a charged particle passes through this liquid, the particle repeatedly collides with the liquid molecules, losing kinetic energy and locally heating the liquid along the particle's path. As a result, a line of bubbles is generated along the particle's path. These are illuminated with strong light to observe the tracks of the charged particle. Because liquids are much denser than gases, they are suitable as targets for high-energy particle collision experiments, and the bubble positioning accuracy is good, at tens of micrometers, so bubble chambers have played an important role in particle physics research. Liquid hydrogen bubble chambers are particularly important because they are a collection of protons, the most basic target, and they have been built all over the world with diameters ranging from tens of centimeters to 2 meters. Usually, a strong magnetic field is applied to bend the trajectory of a charged particle, and the particle momentum is calculated from the curvature of the trajectory, and the particle velocity is measured from the density distribution of bubbles generated. Some experiments require 100,000 photographs, which requires considerable cost and time for analysis. However, since the 1980s, bubble chambers have been replaced by more efficient multi-wire proportional counters that use electrical signals and ionization chambers filled with liquid argon.

[Ikegami Hidetane]

[Reference] | Charged particle | Glazer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

液体中の泡の生成によって荷電粒子の飛跡を観測する装置。バブルチェンバーbubble chamberの訳語。1952年グレーザーが有機液体を用いた泡箱の実験に成功した。密閉容器中に液体を封入し、適当な温度と圧力にしておく。これを沸騰しない程度に機械的に減圧すると、液体は過熱状態となる。この液体中を荷電粒子が通ると、粒子は液体分子と衝突を繰り返して運動エネルギーを失うとともに、粒子の進路に沿って液体を局所的に加熱する。その結果、粒子の進路上に泡の列が発生する。これを強い照明で照らし出し荷電粒子の飛跡を観測する。液体は気体よりはるかに高密度であるから、高エネルギー粒子の衝突実験の標的として適しており、泡の位置精度も数十マイクロメートルと良好なので、泡箱は素粒子研究に重要な役割を果たしてきた。液体水素泡箱はもっとも基本的標的である陽子の集合体なのでとくに重要で、直径数十センチメートルから2メートルのものまで世界各地でつくられた。通常、強い磁場をかけて荷電粒子の軌道を曲げ、その飛跡の曲率から粒子運動量を求め、泡の発生密度分布から粒子速度を測定する。実験によっては10万枚単位の写真撮影を要するので、解析にかなりの費用と日数を必要とする。しかし1980年代からは、泡箱にかわってより効率的な電気信号を利用した多線式比例計数箱や液体アルゴン封入の電離箱に置き換えられている。

[池上栄胤]

[参照項目] | 荷電粒子 | グレーザー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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