Harima Province

The old name of a province that occupies the southern part of the current Hyogo Prefecture. One of the provinces in Kinai. Banshu. It borders Settsu to the east, Tamba and Tajima to the north, Inaba, Mimasaka and Bizen to the west, and Awaji to the south. The region is bordered by the Chugoku Mountains to the north and slopes south to the Harima Nada Sea, part of the Seto Inland Sea. The rivers originate from the Chugoku Mountains, and from the east there are the Akashi River, Kako River, Ichikawa River, Yumesaki River, Ibo River, and Chigusa River, and the Banshu Plain spreads downstream. Setouchi is an area with little rainfall, a warm climate, fertile soil, and is close to the Kyoto-Osaka area. The southern part is blessed with easy water transportation, making it an advanced region of Japan. According to the Engishiki (927), there were 12 administrative districts: Shiso, Sayo, Ako, Ibo, Shikama, Kanzaki, Taka, Kamo, Innami, Kako, Minaki, and Akashi. From the Middle Ages to the early modern period, Ibo district was divided into two districts, Ito and Issai, Shikito and Shikasai, Kanzaki district into two districts, Jinto and Jinsai, and Kamo district into Kato and Kasai, resulting in a total of 16 districts. Currently, eleven cities have been established as municipalities and are distributed on the Seto Inland Sea side: Aioi, Ako, Tatsuno, Himeji, Nishiwaki, Kasai, Ono, Kakogawa, Takasago, Miki, and Akashi.

Before World War II, the Akashi Man, a fossilized human bone from the Pleistocene (Pleistocene) epoch, was discovered on the Nishiyagi Coast in Akashi City, but this has not yet been accepted by the academic community. However, there are many non-pottery period ruins in southern Harima, and they have been discovered in clusters. This indicates that there was an abundance of food resources, a nearby source of stone tool raw materials, and a favorable climate and environment. In the Jomon and Yayoi periods, the relics and ruins were widely and clustered in this region, and they were particularly concentrated in the southern lowlands. In the Kofun period, the distribution of these relics and ruins suggests that there was a power based in the southeastern end of Harima, a power in the middle reaches of the Kakogawa River, a power in the lower reaches of the Kakogawa River, and a power in the lower reaches of the Ichikawa and Ibo Rivers. Following the Taika Reforms, the provincial capital was placed in Joto-cho, Himeji City. Buddhism was officially introduced in the mid-6th century and spread under the protection of Prince Shotoku, with the temple lands of Horyuji Temple established in the lower reaches of the Kakogawa and Ibogawa rivers. Kokubunji Temple and its nunnery were established in Kokubunji, Mikuni-no-cho, Himeji City. Thus, since ancient times, Himeji has been the political and cultural center of Harima, building close ties with the central government and promoting the implementation of land distribution and development. Located at a strategic point on the Sanyo Road and sea routes, Murotsu and Uozumi flourished as important ports on the Seto Inland Sea route. The early 8th century geographical book "Harima no Kuni Fudoki" shows the history and geography of this period and conveys much of its folklore. Starting with Ikaruga-dera Temple, which was founded by Prince Shotoku, in the Heian period, famous temples such as Engyo-ji Temple on Mount Shosha (Himeji City), Ichijo-ji Temple on Mount Hokke (Kasai City), and Kiyomizu-dera Temple on Mount Mitake (Yashiro Town, Kato County) were built, and the Engishiki's list of shrines includes 52 shrines, including Ichinomiya Iwa Shrine (Shisō City).

From the Heian to the Kamakura period, many manors were established for the Imperial Court, the regent family, and temples and shrines, and the Watari domain, the Konoe and Kujo domains, and the domains of Todaiji, Toji, and Horyuji occupied vast areas. Powerful vassals such as Kajiwara Kagetoki and Oyama Tomomasa were appointed as the shugo of Harima Province, but during the Genko Incident (1331), Akamatsu Norimura of Ako County raised an army against the shogunate, and Harima became a separate province of the Akamatsu clan. The Akamatsu clan expanded their influence into the Muromachi period as one of the four official families, but were destroyed in the Kakitsu Rebellion (1441). After this, the Yamana clan ruled for a time, but in the Sengoku period, the Akamatsu clan, the Bessho clan of Miki, the Urakami clan of Mitsuishi and other forces competed for supremacy. These forces were then wiped out by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and others, and after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 (Keicho 5), Ikeda Terumasa was given the title of leader of Harima Province. After that, during the Edo period, the territories of the Tenryo, the various daimyo territories and the hatamoto territories were all intertwined and ruled. Representative early modern feudal lords were the Sakai clan of Himeji Castle (150,000 koku), the Matsudaira clan of Akashi Castle (80,000 koku), the Wakisaka clan of Tatsuno Castle (80,000 koku), and the Mori clan of Ako Castle (20,000 koku), as well as 11 other small domains such as Mikazuki, Yamazaki, Hayashida, Ono, Mikusa, Anshi, Fukumoto, Kakogawa, Miki, Oshio, and Shingu. With the abolition of the feudal domains and establishment of prefectures in 1871 (Meiji 4), these domains were incorporated into Himeji Prefecture, and then Shikama Prefecture, which was then incorporated into Hyogo Prefecture in 1876 (Meiji 9) (however, Fukumoto Domain had been merged into Tottori Domain earlier).

Banshu rice has been known as a local product since ancient times, and was used as the sake rice for Nada. Ako salt also developed in the second half of the 17th century, thanks to the protection and encouragement of the Asano clan. Other traditional products include agricultural and marine products such as Ako nori seaweed, Tatsuno soy sauce, Akashi sea bream, and Ibo hand-pulled somen noodles, as well as crafts such as Sugihara paper (Takacho), Banshu abacus (Ono city), Miki cutlery, Banshu fishing hooks (Yasha town), and Banshu weaving (Nishiwaki city and other areas).

[Shigeru Kobayashi]

"Harima Kagami" (written in 1762 by Hirano Yoshu, reprinted in 1909 by Harima Historical Society, Rekishi Toshosha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の兵庫県の南部を占める旧国名。畿内(きない)の一国。播州(ばんしゅう)。東は摂津(せっつ)、北は丹波(たんば)・但馬(たじま)、西は因幡(いなば)・美作(みまさか)・備前(びぜん)、南は淡路の各国に境する。地域は北に中国山地、南に傾斜して瀬戸内海の一部の播磨灘(なだ)に臨む。川は中国山地から発し、東から明石(あかし)川、加古(かこ)川、市川、夢前(ゆめさき)川、揖保(いぼ)川、千種(ちぐさ)川などがあり、下流地域に播州平野が広がる。瀬戸内の寡雨地帯、気候温暖、地味肥沃(ひよく)で、京阪地帯に近接し、南部は水運の便に恵まれて、日本の先進地域となった。行政区画は、『延喜式(えんぎしき)』（927）に宍粟(しさは)、佐用(さよ)、赤穂(あかほ)、揖保(いひほ)、餝磨(しかま)、神崎(かむさき)、多可(たか)、賀茂(かも)、印南(いなみ)、加古、美嚢(みなき)、明石の12郡が存在していた。中世から近世にかけて、このうち、揖保郡は揖東(いっとう)・揖西(いっさい)の2郡、餝磨（飾磨）は飾東(しきとう)・飾西(しきさい)の2郡、神崎郡は神東(じんとう)・神西(じんさい)の2郡、賀茂郡は加東(かとう)・加西(かさい)の両郡に二分されて、16郡となった。現在では、相生(あいおい)、赤穂(あこう)、龍野(たつの)、姫路(ひめじ)、西脇(にしわき)、加西、小野、加古川、高砂(たかさご)、三木(みき)、明石の11市が市制を敷き、瀬戸内側に分布している。

　この地域は第二次世界大戦前、明石市西八木(にしやぎ)海岸で、更新世（洪積世）の化石人骨とされる「明石原人」が発見されたものの、いまだ学界一般の認めるところとなっていない。しかしながら播磨南部には無土器時代の遺跡がかなり分布しており、まとまって発見されている。これは、食糧資源の豊富と、石器原材の供給地が近くにあったこと、恵まれた風土・環境であったことを示す。縄文・弥生(やよい)時代に入ると、当地域にはその遺物・遺跡が広範かつまとまった形で分布していて、ことに南部低地に密集している。古墳時代に入っては、その分布から播磨の南東端に拠(よ)った勢力、加古川中流域の勢力、加古川下流域の勢力、市川・揖保川下流の勢力とがあったように思われる。大化改新に伴い国府は姫路市城東町に置かれた。6世紀の中ごろ公伝された仏教は聖徳太子の保護で広まったが、加古川・揖保川下流域に法隆寺の寺領が設けられている。国分寺および同尼寺は姫路市御国野町国分寺に設置されていた。こうして古代以来、姫路は播磨の政治や文化の中心地として中央との密接な関係を結び、班田収授の実施や開発も進められた。山陽道や海路の要衝にあたり、室津(むろつ)、魚住(うおずみ)などが瀬戸内航路の要津(ようしん)として栄えた。8世紀初めの地誌『播磨国風土記(ふどき)』は、この時代の歴史・地理を示し、民間伝承を多く伝えている。聖徳太子創建の斑鳩寺(いかるがでら)をはじめ、平安時代に入ると、書写山(しょしゃざん)円教寺（姫路市）、法華山(ほっけさん)一乗寺(いちじょうじ)（加西市）、御岳山(みたけさん)清水寺(きよみずでら)（加東郡社(やしろ)町）などの名刹(めいさつ)が建ち、『延喜式』神名帳には一宮(いちのみや)の伊和神社（宍粟(しそう)市）以下52の式内社が載っている。

　平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて院や摂関家・社寺の荘園(しょうえん)が多くでき、渡(わたり)領、近衛(このえ)・九条家領、東大寺・東寺・法隆寺領などが広大な地域を占めた。播磨国の守護には梶原景時(かじわらかげとき)、小山朝政(おやまともまさ)などの有力御家人(ごけにん)が任じられたが、元弘(げんこう)の変（1331）に際し赤穂郡の赤松則村(のりむら)が反幕軍として挙兵し、播磨は赤松氏の分国となった。赤松氏は四職(ししき)家の一つとして室町時代になって勢力を張ったが、嘉吉(かきつ)の乱（1441）で滅んだ。このあと山名氏が一時支配したが、戦国時代になって赤松氏のほか三木(みき)の別所氏、三石(みついし)の浦上氏らの勢力が互いに覇を競った。その後、これらの勢力は豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉らによって一掃され、1600年（慶長5）関ヶ原の戦いののち、播磨国には池田輝政(てるまさ)が封ぜられた。以後、江戸時代には天領、諸大名領、旗本領とが錯綜(さくそう)して設定され、支配が行われている。代表的な近世大名は、姫路城の酒井氏（15万石）、明石城の松平氏（8万石）、龍野城の脇坂(わきざか)氏（8万石）、赤穂城の森氏（2万石）で、ほかに三日月(みかづき)、山崎、林田、小野、三草(みくさ)、安志(あんし)、福本、加古川、三木、小塩(おしお)、新宮(しんぐう)などの11小藩があった。1871年（明治4）廃藩置県によってこれらの藩は姫路県、ついで飾磨県から1876年（明治9）に兵庫県に編入された（ただし福本藩はさきに鳥取藩に合併されていた）。

　産物としては、古くから播州米が知られ灘(なだ)の酒米にも用いられた。赤穂塩も、17世紀後半、浅野氏の保護奨励によって発展した。そのほか、赤穂海苔(のり)、龍野のしょうゆ、明石のタイ、揖保の手延べそうめんなどの農水産物、杉原(すぎはら)紙（多可(たか)町）、播州そろばん（小野市）、三木の刃物、播州釣り針（社町）、播州織（西脇市ほか）などの工芸品も伝統的な産物である。

［小林　茂］

『平野庸脩撰『播磨鑑』（1762成、1909・播磨史談会／復刻版・1969・歴史図書社）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例