A plucked string instrument with many strings stretched over a triangular frame. Today, the type commonly used in concerts is called a double action harp, a large harp that is about 1.7 meters tall and usually has 47 strings. It consists of a support, a base, a soundboard and a resonating body, a neck, and strings. The soundboard and resonating body extend diagonally from the base toward the player, and holes are drilled in the lower part of the soundboard and resonating body to make the sound clear. The range is wide, from C ♭ 1 to G♯6 , but the lowest and highest ranges are not very effective. There are only seven strings per octave, but the base is equipped with pedals corresponding to the names of the seven fundamental notes, and the pedals are connected to metal fittings in the neck via a mechanism inside the support to produce all chromatic notes. There are two metal fittings on each string, one above the other, and when the pedal is pressed two steps, the two press the string to shorten the string length and produce a sharp note; when the pedal is pressed once, only the upper one presses the string to produce a clear note; when not pressed, the open string produces a flat note. On the other hand, since there are only seven strings per octave, it is possible to play chords with glissando, a technique unique to the harp. The C string is also colored blue and the F string is colored red for ease of playing. In musical instrument classification, it is the genus name for instruments in which the plane on which the strings are arranged is at a right angle to the soundboard, and the origin of the harp genus can be traced back to Mesopotamia and Egypt around 3000 BC. It is also found in Africa, the Near East, and Southeast Asia. Representative examples include the African pluriac, the Myanmar (Burma) saung, and the Japanese koto. The harp was widely loved in Europe, especially in the Middle Ages, and was an important instrument for minstrels. However, since it was based on the diatonic scale, when semitones began to be used frequently in music around the end of the 15th century, it was pushed aside by instruments such as the lute and harpsichord, which were easier to play semitones, and double harps, which added a row of semitone strings, and triple harps, which were made to eliminate the difficulty of playing them, were created. Later, a mechanism was devised that used a clasp to manually change the pitch by a semitone. The pedal device was invented at the end of the 17th century, and the current double action was patented in London in 1810 by the French instrument maker Erard. [Maekawa Haruhisa] [Reference item] | |Double action harp. 1891-1895. Wood and metal. Height 178cm . Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . harp ©Shogakukan "> Names of the parts of the harp New Kingdom period (c. 1390-1295 BC), wood, size 82cm, owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Egyptian Art Ancient Egyptian Harp Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
三角の枠に多くの弦を張った形の撥弦(はつげん)楽器。今日、演奏会などで普通用いられるものはダブル・アクション・ハープとよばれ、高さ約1.7メートル、弦数は通常47本の大形ハープである。支柱、台座、響板および共鳴胴、ネック、弦からなり、台座から演奏者側に斜めに伸びた響板および共鳴胴の下部には、音を明快にするための穴があけられている。音域はC♭1ーG♯6と広いが、最低・最高音域はあまり有効ではない。1オクターブ当り7本の弦しかないが、7幹音の各音名に対応したペダルが台座に設けられ、ペダルが支柱内部の機構を経て、ネック内の金具と連動して半音階の音すべてを出すことができる。金具は各弦に上下2個つけられており、ペダルを2段踏み込むと上下二つが弦を押さえて弦長を短くし♯音、1段踏むと上のみが弦を押さえ♮音、踏まないと開放弦で♭音が出る仕組みになっている。一方、1オクターブにつき7本の弦しかないことで、ハープに特有の奏法であるグリッサンドで和音を鳴らすことが可能になる。また、C音の弦には青く、F音の弦には赤く着色することで演奏の便宜が図られている。 楽器分類上は、弦の並んでいる面と共鳴板とが直角である楽器の属名で、ハープ属の起源は紀元前3000年ごろのメソポタミアやエジプトにまでさかのぼることができる。分布はアフリカや近東、東南アジアにも及ぶ。アフリカのプリュリアーク、ミャンマー(ビルマ)のサウン、日本の箜篌(くご)などがその代表例である。 ハープはヨーロッパではとくに中世に広く愛好され、なかでも吟遊詩人にとって重要な楽器であった。しかし、全音階が基本であったため、15世紀末ごろ、音楽に半音がしばしば使われるようになると、リュートやチェンバロなどの半音演奏が容易な楽器に押されて、半音の弦の列を加えた二重ハープや、その演奏のむずかしさを解消するための三重ハープがつくられた。のちには、留め金を用い、手操作で音高を半音変化させる機構も考案された。ペダル装置は17世紀終わりに発明されたが、現在のダブル・アクションは、フランスの楽器製作者エラールが1810年にロンドンで特許をとったものである。 [前川陽郁] [参照項目] | |ダブル・アクション・ハープ。1891~1895年 木・金属 高さ178cm アメリカメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ハープ ©Shogakukan"> ハープの各部名称 新王国時代(紀元前1390~1295年ころ) 木 大きさ82cm エジプトメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> 古代エジプトのハープ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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