Hatamoto - Hatamoto

Japanese: 旗本 - はたもと

During the Edo period, this was a general term for shogunate retainers with less than 10,000 koku of land. Those who were eligible to receive an audience with the shogun were called hatamoto, and those who were not were called gokenin. Originally, the Chinese name for Seii Taishogun was bakkai, and hatamoto was generally used to mean the officers who protected the curtain and military flag. In the early Edo period, the word hatamoto was used as a general term for shogunate retainers in general, and the distinction between it and gokenin was not clear, but after the second half of the 17th century, the distinction between the two became established. In official documents, it is often written as omemie or above. The total number was about 5,200 families. In addition, there were about 17,000 gokenin families. They were made up of a variety of families, including fudai samurai and branch families from Mikawa, descendants of old families from the Oda and Toyotomi clans, and those newly summoned for their academic and artistic talents.

[Yoshihisa Sasa]

Form of knowledge

Hatamoto's stipends were divided into chigyotori and kuramaitori. Chigyotori was actually given land, while kuramaitori was given a set amount of rice from the stored rice collected from the directly controlled territories. Chigyotori was seen as the original form of samurai landholding, and many hatamoto desired it. For this reason, while kuramaitori accounted for the majority of daimyo's retainers from the 18th century onwards, chigyotori was also common among hatamoto. In the second half of the 18th century, chigyotori numbered 2,908 people with over 2.75 million koku, and kuramaitori numbered 2,030 people with over 450,000 koku. Kuramaitori was further divided into three types: kirimaitori, genmaitori, and fuchimaitori. Kirimatori was the most common, and was calculated by the amount of rice in the bales. For example, 100 bales of rice were calculated at 3.5 to 1 shou per bales, and 35 koku of rice was provided by the shogunate rice storehouse. The average class size was between 100 and 500 bales.

[Yoshihisa Sasa]

Non-service and service

Hatamoto were generally expected to live in Edo and were controlled by the shogunate under the Bukesho Hatto (Bukesho Laws). Many of them were not employed, and were organized into tamari roles such as koutai yoriai, yoriai, and kobushin (small construction workers) according to the size of their family stipends and lineage, and were required to pay non-work taxes. Employment and promotion differed between yoriai and kobushin, and were determined by family background, family stipend, father's service, and the individual's special skills. Yoriai had a status equivalent to that of a Hoi (clothed uniform), and they rarely became banshi, but instead held positions such as Nakaoku kosho (nakaoku page). In the case of kobushin, there were family ranks corresponding to each of the bankata positions, such as ryobansuji, mujin, and obansuji, and it was most common for people to become banshi according to this.

[Yoshihisa Sasa]

Hatamoto Domain

The hatamoto who received the chigyo-tori were called jito (land stewards), and their territories were called chigyosho (land stewards) or jitosho (land stewards). The chigyosho were distributed across 46 provinces throughout the early modern period. About 80% of them were concentrated in the Kanto region, followed by Kinai and Tokai regions. The chigyosho were not given as a whole, but were distributed across several villages, or it was common for one village to be ruled by multiple lords, in a system called aikyu (shared rations). Rule was carried out from a jin'ya (camp), or if one did not have one, powerful village officials were appointed as zaiyaku (reserved officials). Administration and justice were carried out in accordance with the shogunate, but some places established chigyosho laws as basic laws. Vassals were employed according to the shogunate's military service regulations, but in reality there were far fewer of them, and when necessary they were employed as day laborers or worked at the chigyosho (land stewards). Finances were poor from the early period due to the small size of the chigyo, and this was often the norm throughout the early modern period.

[Yoshihisa Sasa]

"Hatamoto" by Yoshiharu Niimi (1967, Yoshikawa Kobunkan) " Study of the Early Modern Chigyo System" by Hisashi Suzuki (1971, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)

[Reference] | Alternative meetings | Gokenin | Small construction | Meeting

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

江戸時代1万石未満の幕臣の総称。将軍と謁見する資格のある者を旗本といい、ないものを御家人(ごけにん)という。もともと征夷(せいい)大将軍の唐名を幕下(ばっか)といい、旗本は帷幕(いばく)と軍旗を守る将士の意味で一般に使用された。江戸初期には旗本の語意は幕臣一般の総称として使われ、御家人との区別は明確でなかったが、17世紀後半以降、両者を分ける風が定着していった。公式文書では御目見(おめみえ)以上と書くことが多い。総数は約5200家。ほかに御家人は約1万7000家に上った。三河以来の譜代(ふだい)の士や分家、織田(おだ)氏や豊臣(とよとみ)氏以来の旧家の子孫や学問技芸により新たに召し出された者など多様な家で構成されていた。

［佐々悦久］

知行形態

旗本の俸禄(ほうろく)には知行取(ちぎょうとり)と蔵米取(くらまいとり)があった。知行取は実際に領地が与えられるもので、蔵米取は直轄領から収納した蔵米のなかから決まった額の米を支給されるものである。知行取は武家本来の知行形態のあり方として意識され、望む者が多かった。このため大名の家臣では18世紀以降になると蔵米取が大部分を占めるのに対して、旗本の場合には知行取も多い。18世紀後半の知行取は2908人・275万石余、蔵米取は2030人・45万俵余となっている。蔵米取にはさらに切米(きりまい)取、現米(げんまい)取、扶持米(ふちまい)取の3種類があった。もっとも多いのが切米取で、俵高で示された。たとえば切米100俵は、1俵3斗5升の割合で計算され35石の米が幕府の米蔵から支給された。階層的には100俵から500俵が中心である。

［佐々悦久］

非役と勤仕

旗本は江戸集住を原則とし武家諸法度(ぶけしょはっと)などにより幕府の統制を受けた。非役の者も多く、家禄の高と由緒に応じて交替寄合(こうたいよりあい)、寄合、小普請(こぶしん)などの溜(たまり)の役に編成され、無役御役金を上納することとされた。就職・昇進は寄合と小普請で異なり、家柄や家禄、父親の勤功、本人の特技などにより決定された。寄合は布衣(ほい)に相当する格式をもち、番士となることは少なく、中奥小姓(なかおくこしょう)などの役職についた。小普請の場合、そのなかに両番筋、無筋、大番筋などの番方各職に対応する家格があり、これにしたがって番士となるのがもっとも一般的である。

［佐々悦久］

旗本知行所

知行取の旗本を地頭(じとう)といい、その領地を知行所、地頭所といった。知行所は近世を通して46か国にわたって分布している。うち約8割が関東地域に集中し、畿内(きない)、東海地域の順となっている。知行所はひとまとまりに与えられるのでなく、数か村に分散したり、相給(あいきゅう)といい一村を複数の領主で支配するのが一般的である。支配は陣屋か、もたない場合は有力な村役人を在役(ざいやく)に任命して行った。行政や司法は幕府に準拠して行われたが、なかには知行所法度を定めて基本法とした所もある。家臣は幕府の軍役規定に応じて抱えられたが、実際はずっと少なく、必要なときは日雇いにするか知行所に勤めさせた。財政は知行規模が小さいため初期から困窮し、近世を通してそれが恒常化していることが多い。

［佐々悦久］

『新見吉治著『旗本』（1967・吉川弘文館）』▽『鈴木寿著『近世知行制の研究』（1971・日本学術振興会）』

[参照項目] | 交替寄合 | 御家人 | 小普請 | 寄合

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