Evgeniy Bronislavovich Pashukanis

A leading Soviet Marxist jurist from the 1920s to the mid-1930s. He was a member of the law department of the Socialist Academy (later the Communist Academy), and in the 1930s he became director of the Institute of Soviet Construction and Law at the same academy. He also participated in the drafting of the 1936 Constitution and served as deputy People's Commissar of Justice, but he later became a victim of the "purges" and died unfortunately. His theoretical achievements are wide-ranging, but what made him famous was his work in the field of general theory of law, known as the "Pashukanis theory." In line with the mature legal system in capitalist society, he regarded law as a special form of social relations, sought the unique logic of this form in the will-relations between commodity owners based on his interpretation of the exchange process theory in Marx's "Capital," and attempted to systematize the general theory of law using the "upward law" described in "Capital." After the 1936 Constitution was established, this attempt was criticized as "exchange theory" and an anti-Marxist theory that considered socialist law to be essentially bourgeois law and preached its "extinction." However, its uniqueness was highly praised internationally, and in the Soviet Union, after the criticism of Stalin, it was once again given an objective position, and in 1980 his main work, "The General Theory of Law and Marxism," was republished.

[Taichiro Oe]

"The General Theory of Law and Marxism" (revised edition, translated by Tsuneo Inako (1967, Nippon Hyoronsha)" " A Study of the History of Soviet Legal Theory" (1968, Iwanami Shoten) by Isamu Fujita"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1920年代から1930年代なかばにかけてのソ連の代表的なマルクス主義法律家。社会主義アカデミー（後の共産主義アカデミー）の法学部門に属し、1930年代には同アカデミーソビエト建設・法研究所長に就任、1936年憲法の起草作業にも参加し、司法人民委員代理を務めたが、その後「粛清」の犠牲となり不幸な死を遂げた。理論的業績は多岐にわたるが、彼の名を高からしめたのは「パシュカーニス理論」として知られる法の一般理論分野での仕事である。資本主義社会における成熟した法の体系に即して、法を社会関係の特殊な形態としてとらえ、この形態の独自の論理をマルクス『資本論』の交換過程論の解釈に基づき商品所有者間の意思関係に求めるとともに、法の一般理論を『資本論』叙述と同様の「上向法」によって体系化しようとした。この試みは1936年憲法成立後、「交換理論」、社会主義法を本質的にブルジョア法的なものとみなしてその「死滅」を説く反マルクス主義的理論等として批判されたが、国際的にはそのユニークさが高く評価され、ソ連においてもスターリン批判後あらためて客観的な位置づけがなされるようになり、1980年には主著『法の一般理論とマルクス主義』が再刊されるに至っている。

［大江泰一郎］

『稲子恒夫訳『法の一般理論とマルクス主義』改訂版（1967・日本評論社）』▽『藤田勇著『ソビエト法理論史研究』（1968・岩波書店）』

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