Among explosives, explosives are manufactured for destructive purposes and are substances that explode with a shock wave called detonation. They are distinguished from gunpowder, which is a substance that burns explosively without generating shock waves. When an explosive detonates, the shock wave and air compression wave that are generated as a result have a destructive effect on surrounding objects. There are primary explosives and secondary explosives. The former are substances that ignite easily through impact, friction, heating, etc., and also explode reliably; they are also called primary explosives. The latter are substances that explode reliably only with the help of a primary explosive or booster explosive, and are used as blasting agents or explosives. Some explosives are classified as Type I and Type II explosives. Type I explosives have a higher detonation velocity the higher the specific gravity, and include high-performance compound explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexogen (RDX). Type II explosives have a higher detonation velocity up to a certain point as the specific gravity is increased, but above that the detonation velocity decreases and eventually the explosives do not propagate. Many mixed industrial explosives, mercury, and nitroguanidine belong to this category. Type II explosives exhibit the phenomenon of dead pressure, where they do not explode under pressure above a certain level. [Tadao Yoshida and Shingo Date] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火薬類のうち、破壊目的で製造されるものであって、爆轟(ばくごう)とよばれる衝撃波を伴う爆発をおこす物質。衝撃波を発生せずに爆発的に燃焼する物質である火薬と区別される。爆薬が爆轟すると、それに伴って発生する衝撃波および空気圧縮波によって周囲の物体は破壊作用を受ける。爆薬には一次爆薬と二次爆薬がある。前者は打撃、摩擦、加熱などによって容易に発火し、しかも確実に爆発する物質で起爆薬ともよばれる。後者は起爆薬や伝爆薬などの助けを借りて初めて確実に爆発する物質で、爆破薬や炸薬(さくやく)として用いられる。 Ⅰ型およびⅡ型爆薬として分類される爆薬もある。Ⅰ型爆薬は比重を高くすればするほど爆速が高くなるもので、トリニトロトルエン(TNT)やヘキソーゲン(RDX)のような高性能化合爆薬がこれに属する。Ⅱ型爆薬は比重を高くしていくとある程度までは爆速が高くなるが、それ以上では逆に爆速が低下し、ついには伝爆しなくなる爆薬である。多くの混合工業爆薬や雷汞(らいこう)、ニトログアニジンなどがこれに属する。Ⅱ型爆薬にはある程度以上の加圧下では爆発しなくなる死圧現象がみられる。 [吉田忠雄・伊達新吾] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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