Baku - Baku (English spelling) Баку/Baku

Japanese: バクー - ばくー(英語表記)Баку/Baku
Baku - Baku (English spelling) Баку/Baku

The capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is located on the southern side of the Apsheron Peninsula, which juts out from the west coast into the Caspian Sea, facing Baku Bay. It is surrounded by semicircular hills to the rear. It has a population of 1,214,400 (2001 estimate). In Azerbaijani, it is called Bakï, meaning "windy place", and a strong wind called "hazri" blows from the north. It has an extremely dry climate, with an annual precipitation of only 200 mm, and an average temperature of 3°C in January and 26°C in August.

It is a key point for land and water transport, with railways radiating out to Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Astara, and other cities, and a ferry service runs from the port to Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk), a city in Turkmenistan on the opposite shore. The city has a subway that opened in 1967. It is the central city of the Baku oil fields, and has a wide range of industrial sectors, including refining, petrochemicals, natural gas extraction, civil engineering and construction machinery, oil drilling machines, oil plant facility manufacturing, electronics, textiles, and food processing. In addition, there are 13 higher research and educational institutions, including the Academy of Sciences and a university, six theaters, including the Nizami Theater, and museums and art galleries, including those for folklore and folk art. There are many historical buildings dating back to the 11th century, including the 14th and 15th century palaces of the Shirvan Shahs, the 11th century Synik-Kala Mosque and its minaret, and the 12th century fortress of Qiz-Galasui (Maiden's Tower), which is associated with a tragic legend. In 2000, the Old City of Baku, the Palace of the Shirvan Shahs and Qiz-i-Gharasi were inscribed on the World Heritage List.

[Kazuo Watanabe]

history

Documents from the 9th and 10th centuries mention that oil was already being extracted and that a port was established there. For a time in the late 12th century, it was the political center of the Shirvan Kingdom. The city's fortress was the strongest in the Transcaucasia in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was occupied by the Safavid army in 1540, by the Turkish army in the 1580s, and by Iran in 1604. It became the capital of the Baku Khanate in 1747, and was part of the Russian Empire in 1806. It developed through oil extraction, and became one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary movement in the early 20th century. A general strike in December 1904 sparked the "1905 Revolution," and further strikes were held in the summer of 1905, 1906, and 1907, 1908, 1909, and 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913, 1914, and 1916, 1917, which shook Tsarism. The Soviet government was established in November 1917, and the Baku Council of People's Commissars was established in April 1918, but it was overthrown in July 1918. In April 1920, the Soviet regime was restored, replacing the nationalist regime of Musabat, and the Republic of Azerbaijan was formed, with the city becoming its capital. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became independent.

[Kimura Hideaki]

[References] | Republic of Azerbaijan | Baku Oil Fields

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アゼルバイジャン共和国の首都。カスピ海に西岸から突出するアプシェロン半島の南側に位置し、バクー湾に臨む。背後は半円形の丘陵で囲まれている。人口121万4400(2001推計)。アゼルバイジャン語ではバクイБакы/Bakïといい、「風の強い所」の意とされ、北からの強風「ハズリ」が吹く。極端な乾燥気候下にあり、年降水量はわずか200ミリメートル、平均気温は1月3℃、8月26℃。

 水陸交通の要衝で、鉄道はロストフ・ナ・ドヌー、トビリシ、エレバン、アスタラなどへ放射状に達しており、港からは対岸にあるトルクメニスタンの都市トルクメンバシ(旧称クラスノボーツク)へ鉄道連絡船が就航する。市内には1967年開通の地下鉄が通じる。バクー油田の中心都市で、精油、石油化学、天然ガス採取、土木建設用機械、石油掘削機、石油プラント施設製造、電子機器、繊維、食品加工など多種の工業部門がある。また、文化施設としては科学アカデミー、総合大学を含む13の高等研究教育機関、ニザミ劇場など6劇場、民俗・民芸などの博物館、美術館がある。11世紀以来の歴史的建造物も多く、14、15世紀のシルバン・シャーの宮殿、11世紀のスイニク・カラのモスクとその尖塔(せんとう)(ミナレット)、12世紀の要塞(ようさい)で悲劇伝説があるクイズ・ガラスイ(乙女の塔)などが知られる。2000年にはバクーの旧市街、シルバン・シャーの宮殿、クイズ・ガラスイは世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。

[渡辺一夫]

歴史

9~10世紀の文献に、すでに採油が行われ、港が置かれていたことが述べられている。12世紀後半の一時期、シルバン王国の政治的中心地であった。バクーの要塞は15~16世紀にザカフカスで最強であった。1540年サファビー朝の軍隊が、1580年代トルコ軍が、1604年イランが占領した。1747年よりバクー・ハン(汗)国の首都となり、1806年よりロシア帝国領。石油採取によって発展し、20世紀初頭、ロシアの革命運動の中心地の一つとなった。1904年12月ゼネストによって「1905年革命」の口火を切り、13~14年夏、16年12月から17年1月にかけてもストライキが行われ、ツァーリズムを揺るがした。1917年11月ソビエト政権が樹立され、18年4月バクー人民委員会議が創設されたが、これは18年7月に倒された。1920年4月、ムサバトの民族主義政権にかわってソビエト政権が復活し、アゼルバイジャン共和国が形成され、その首都となった。91年ソ連解体でアゼルバイジャン共和国は独立した。

[木村英亮]

[参照項目] | アゼルバイジャン共和国 | バクー油田

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