Neurospora crassa - Neurospora crassa

Japanese: アカパンカビ - あかぱんかび
Neurospora crassa - Neurospora crassa

A fungus belonging to the Ascomycetes order. It is a translation of red bread mold, and is named after the fact that it is often found on burnt bread. It is also commonly found on the surface of burnt trees and on corn waste discarded on the ground. Initially, only asexual reproduction was known, and it was treated as the Monilia genus. Later, the research of the Americans Shear and Dodge confirmed the existence of bisexual strains, and experimentally demonstrated that when different sexes meet, they form ascospores. The size of the ascospore is about the head of a cotton needle, pear-shaped, and turns black when mature. The ascospore contains many asci, each of which contains eight ascospores covered with a black wrinkled membrane. When mature, the ascospores are released from the depression at the top of the ascospore. The American scholars Beadle and Thatum conducted genetic and biochemical research using mutant strains, which led to groundbreaking advances in genetics. For this, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958. In Indonesia, Neurospora crassa is grown on peanuts to produce a food called Ontjon. In Japan, this mold is used to manufacture animal feed and fortify ingredients.

[Masami Soneda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

子嚢(しのう)菌類、タマカビ目に属するカビ。red bread mouldの訳語で、焼け焦げたパンの上によくみられるのでこの名がある。また焼け跡の樹木の表面や、地上に捨てられたトウモロコシの食べかすなどの上にも日常的にみられる。当初は無性生殖だけが知られており、モニリア属Moniliaとして取り扱われた。その後、アメリカのシアーShearとダッジDodgeの研究によって、両性株があることが確認され、互いに異なる性が出会った際には、子嚢殻を形成することが実験的にも証明された。子嚢殻の大きさは木綿針の頭程度で、形は洋ナシ形、成熟すると黒色となる。子嚢殻中には子嚢が多数入っており、その中に、黒色でしわのある膜をかぶった子嚢胞子が8個ずつ入っている。成熟すると、子嚢胞子は子嚢殻の頂部のくぼみから放出される。アメリカの学者ビードルBeadleとターツムThatumは変異株を使って遺伝生化学的研究を行い、遺伝学に画期的な進展をもたらした。このため2人は1958年ノーベル医学生理学賞を授けられた。インドネシアではラッカセイにアカパンカビをつけオンチョンOntjonという食物をつくる。日本では飼料の製造や成分強化にこのカビが利用される。

[曽根田正己]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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