New religion - Shinshukyo (English spelling)

Japanese: 新宗教 - しんしゅうきょう(英語表記)new religion
New religion - Shinshukyo (English spelling)
In the past, the media used the term "new religions" to imply that new religions had arisen recently, were dubious compared to established religions, and had low religious value. In contrast, researchers use the term "new religions" in a neutral sense, and this term is now more widely used. There are many religious groups called new religions, ranging from Kurozumikyo, Tenrikyo, and Konkokyo, which were founded in the 19th century, to Aleph (Aum Shinrikyo) and Ho no Hana Sanpogyo today. The size of the religious groups also varies from around 20 to 30 people to about 5 million people, and they also vary in terms of doctrines and rituals. Many have branched off or become independent from specific religious groups, and can be classified according to their lineage into Tenrikyo, Oomoto, Reiyukai, and Sekai Kyuseikyo, and there are some similarities in organizational structure, doctrines, and rituals. Generally, new religions are founded by charismatic leaders and are based on elements of traditional religions such as Shinto and Buddhism, to which they add new interpretations and elements. Furthermore, in the second half of the 1970s, Nishiyama Shigeru (Professor at Toyo University) coined the term "neo-new religions" in recognition of the emergence of a new type of new religion. However, which religious groups should be called this varies from researcher to researcher, and there are no clear concrete standards for what makes something new. In 1999, Inoue Junko (Professor at Kokugakuin University) coined the term "hyper religions," pointing out that in the context of globalization, stateless religious movements that are not bound by traditional ethics and norms are becoming more prominent.

(Professor Hiroshi Iwai, Kansai International University / 2007)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
かつてマスコミは、新しく興り、既成の宗教に比べていかがわしく、宗教的価値が低いというニュアンスで新興宗教という言葉を使った。これに対して研究者は、中立的な意味で「新宗教」という用語を使用し、現在ではこちらの方が普及している。新宗教と呼ばれる教団は多岐にわたり、時代的には19世紀に創始された黒住教(くろずみきょう)、天理教、金光教(こんこうきょう)などから、今日のアーレフ(オウム真理教)や法の華三法行までを含む。教団の規模も、20〜30人程度から約500万人と幅があり、教義や儀礼の面でも様々である。特定の教団から分派・独立したものも多く、その系統によって天理教系、大本系、霊友会系、世界救世教系などに分類することができ、組織形態、教義や儀礼などにも、ある程度の類似性がみられる。一般的新宗教は、カリスマ的な教祖によって創始され、神道や仏教など伝統的宗教の要素を基盤として、それらに新しい解釈や要素を付け加えることで成立している。さらに、1970年代後半になると、新しいタイプの新宗教が登場したとの認識から、西山茂(東洋大学教授)によって「新新宗教」という用語が作られた。ただ、どの教団をこう呼ぶのかについては研究者によって様々であり、何をもって新しいとするかの具体的な基準も明確ではない。また、99年には井上順孝(国学院大学教授)が「ハイパー宗教」という用語を使い、グローバル化の中で、伝統的な倫理や規範にとらわれない無国籍な宗教運動が顕著になっていると指摘した。

(岩井洋 関西国際大学教授 / 2007年)

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