It is the capital of Novgorod Oblast in the northwest of the Russian Federation, and one of Russia's oldest cities. It has a population of 231,700 (1999). It is located on the banks of the Volkhov River and has a river port. It is a railway junction. Since ancient times, it has flourished as a transportation and commercial center, and handicrafts have been carried out there, but later various factories were built and it also took on the aspect of an industrial city. The main industries are chemicals, electrical equipment, and wood processing. Many valuable historical buildings in the old town, such as the Kremlin (fortress, 11th-12th century), St. Sophia Cathedral (11th century), and Milosh Monastery (12th century), have been restored and preserved, and many foreign tourists visit. This area was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1992 (World Cultural Heritage). It is the location of a comprehensive university. [Taizo Nakamura] historyIts name first appears in the Chronicle in the entry for 859. It is located at the northern end of the so-called "Varang (Norman) Road to Greece" that connects the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. Initially, it was ruled by a prince appointed by the Grand Prince of Kiev (often the Grand Prince's son or a close relative), but eventually, from the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 12th century, an aristocratic republican system was established. Novgorod's heyday was during this aristocratic republic period (1136-1478). Many citizens were engaged in handicrafts, but commerce was particularly important. Novgorod controlled a vast territory that reached the Ural Mountains, and Novgorod merchants actively traded with Hanseatic merchants and Eastern merchants with furs and other forest and marine products collected from its vast territory. It is also known that they organized guilds such as "Ivan's Hundred". These citizens, mainly merchants and craftsmen, participated in national politics by participating in the people's assembly. Thus, during this period, Novgorod became the most prosperous city in Russia. However, it was plagued by internal conflicts such as rivalry between the noble families and uprisings by the lower classes, and was eventually annexed by the newly emerging Grand Duchy of Moscow. Novgorod continued to play an important role as a commercial city, but began to decline from the second half of the 16th century, and after the construction of St. Petersburg in the 18th century, it lost most of its economic significance. [Takeo Kuryuzawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア連邦北西部、ノブゴロド州の州都で、ロシア有数の古都。人口23万1700(1999)。ボルホフ川の河岸にあり、河港を有する。鉄道の分岐点。古来、交通、商業の中心地として栄え、手工業が営まれてきたが、その後種々の工場が建設され、工業都市としての側面ももつようになった。主要工業は化学、電機、木材加工である。旧市街にはクレムリン(城塞(じょうさい)、11~12世紀)、聖ソフィア寺院(11世紀)、ミロシュ修道院(12世紀)など多数の価値ある歴史的建築物が修復・保存され、多数の外国人観光客が訪れる。この地区は1992年には世界遺産の文化遺産に登録された(世界文化遺産)。総合大学の所在地。 [中村泰三] 歴史年代記859年の項に初めてその名が現れる。バルト海と黒海とを結ぶいわゆる「ワリャーグ(ノルマン人の意)からギリシアへの道」の北端に位置する。当初キエフ大公の任命する公(多くの場合大公の子かそれに近い縁者)により支配されたが、やがて11世紀末から12世紀初頭にかけて貴族共和制的な体制が成立した。ノブゴロドの最盛期はこの貴族共和制の時代(1136~1478)である。多くの市民が手工業に従事したが、とくに重要なのは商業である。ノブゴロドはウラル山脈に達する広大な領土を支配していたが、ノブゴロド商人はその広大な領土から集められた毛皮をはじめとする森林・海産品をもってハンザ商人や東方商人と盛んに交易した。彼らが「イワン百人組」などのギルドを組織していたことも知られている。これら商人や手工業者を中心とする市民は民会に参加して国政にも参与していた。かくしてこの時期、ノブゴロドはロシアでもっとも栄えた都市となった。だが門閥貴族間の対立、下層市民の蜂起(ほうき)など内的矛盾に悩み、やがて新興のモスクワ大公国によって併合されてしまった。ノブゴロドはその後も商業都市として重きをなしたが、16世紀後半から衰退に向かい、18世紀のサンクト・ペテルブルグ建設以降はその経済的意義もほとんど失われてしまった。 [栗生沢猛夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
A device that converts voltage to a required valu...
Translated as a trade union or occupational union,...
...In addition to being divided into Socialist, C...
It is one of the important rock-forming minerals, ...
A hard structure secreted by mollusks from the man...
…the name given by the ancient Romans to the Gall...
...When a masugata is placed inside the tiger'...
It is also called the geometric mean. When n posit...
It is a mechanism for settling monetary claims an...
...Cuban dance music. It is a modern popular musi...
A general term for several societies that develop...
〘 noun 〙 (also "shinji") 1. To advance a...
...Ihara Saikaku's "Danshoku Taikan,&quo...
...Apart from the hearth, housework and farm work...
It is primarily used in the molding and processin...