Viscosity - Nensei (English spelling)

Japanese: 粘性 - ねんせい(英語表記)viscosity
Viscosity - Nensei (English spelling)

In the flow of liquids or gases, when the distribution of flow velocities is not uniform, the flow will tend to smooth out the velocity differences to make them uniform. This is called the viscosity of the fluid. In general, free-flowing fluids such as water and air have low viscosity, while liquids such as castor oil and glycerin have high viscosity.

[Imai Isao]

Viscosity

The coefficient of viscosity is defined to quantitatively express the magnitude of viscosity. For example, if a fluid is placed between two parallel plates, one of which is fixed and the other is moved at a speed U , the fluid is dragged and undergoes a shear motion. If the distance between the plates is h , the velocity gradient is U / h . In this case, the fixed plate is dragged by the fluid, and the moving plate is subjected to a force in the direction of being pulled back. In normal fluids, the magnitude of this force is proportional to the velocity gradient. In other words, if the force acting per unit area of ​​the plate is τ, then the relationship τ = η U / h holds. This proportionality coefficient η is called the coefficient of viscosity (also called the viscosity or viscosity coefficient). Not only on the surface of the plate, but also at each point inside the fluid, the fluid parts on both sides of the plane parallel to the plate exert a force in the direction parallel to the plane with a magnitude of τ = η U / h per unit area. τ is called the "shear stress." In general, if the x- axis is taken along the direction of flow and the y- axis is taken perpendicular to it, and the flow velocity is u , then ∂u / ∂y is the velocity gradient, and the relationship τ= η∂u / ∂y holds. This is called "Newton's law of viscosity."

Generally, the motion of an object is governed by Newton's law of motion, i.e., mass x acceleration = force ( m x a = F ), so for the motion of a fluid, "density" ρ, which is related to mass, and shear stress due to viscosity, which is related to force, are important. However, it is the ratio of η to ρ, ν = η/ρ, that governs the motion itself. ν is called kinematic viscosity. The Reynolds number R = ρ Ul /η = Ul /ν is used to express the effect of viscosity in a dimensionless form. Here, U is the representative speed representing the flow, and l is the representative length.

[Imai Isao]

Viscosity Units

The unit of viscosity is pascal second (Pa・s = N・s/m 2 ) in the International System of Units (SI) and poise (P = dyn・s/m 2 ) in the CGS system. The relationship between the two is 1P = 100cP = 0.1Pa・s. In gases, viscosity increases with temperature, while in liquids it decreases. Also, in gases it changes very little with pressure, but in liquids it increases with pressure. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m 2 /s in the International System of Units and Stokes St in the CGS system, with the relationship being 1St = 1cm 2 /s = 10 -4 m 2 /s.

[Imai Isao]

Viscosity and Fluid Motion

When discussing fluid motion taking viscosity into account, the fluid is said to be a viscous fluid. Fluids with low viscosity, such as water and air, can be treated without considering viscosity. In this case, the fluid is called a perfect fluid or an inviscid fluid. Viscosity is a property that prevents shear deformation of a fluid, but gases also have the property of preventing expansion and contraction. This is called the volume viscosity of gases, and is the cause of attenuation of sound waves. Viscosity also appears in the fluid deformation movement of solids such as glaciers and the earth's crust. The viscosity coefficient is much greater than that of liquids. In ordinary liquids, the proportional relationship τ∝∂u / ∂y holds between shear stress and velocity gradient, but this does not hold for some solutions of polymers and colloids. The former are called Newtonian fluids and the latter non-Newtonian fluids.

[Imai Isao]

[Reference] | Shear stress | Flow | Fluid | Reynolds number
Viscosity
©Shogakukan ">

Viscosity


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

液体や気体の流れでは、流速の分布が一様でない場合、速度差をならして一様にしようとする性質が現れる。これを流体の粘性という。一般に水や空気のようなさらさらした流体は粘性が小さく、ひまし油やグリセリンのような液体は粘性が大きい。

[今井 功]

粘性率

粘性の大きさを定量的に表すために粘性率coefficient of viscosityが定義される。たとえば、2枚の平行な平板の間に流体を入れ、一方の板を固定し他方を速度Uで動かすと、流体は引きずられてずり運動をおこす。板の間隔をhとすると、速度勾配(こうばい)はU/hである。この場合、固定平板は流体によって引きずられ、運動平板は引き戻される方向に力を受ける。普通の流体では、その力の大きさは速度勾配に比例する。すなわち、板の単位面積当りに働く力をτとすると、τ=ηU/hの関係が成り立つ。この比例係数ηを粘性率という(粘度あるいは粘性係数ともよばれる)。板の表面のみならず流体内部の各点でも、板に平行な面の両側の流体部分は単位面積当りτ=ηU/hの大きさで面に平行な方向の力を及ぼし合っている。τを「ずり応力」という。一般に、流れの方向にx軸、それと直角にy軸をとり、流速をuとすると、∂u/∂yは速度勾配で、τ=η∂u/∂yの関係が成り立つ。これを「ニュートンの粘性の法則」という。

 一般に物体の運動はニュートンの運動法則、すなわち、質量×加速度=力(m×aF)によって支配されるから、流体の運動には、質量に関連して「密度」ρ、力に関連して粘性によるずり応力が重要である。しかし、運動そのものを支配するのはηとρの比ν=η/ρである。νを動粘性率kinematic viscosityという。なお、粘性の作用を無次元の形に表すためにレイノルズ数R=ρUl/η=Ul/νが使われる。ただし、Uは流れを表す代表的な速度、lは代表的な長さである。

[今井 功]

粘性率の単位

粘性率の単位は、国際単位系(SI)ではパスカル秒(Pa・s=N・s/m2)、CGS単位系ではポアズ(P=dyn・s/m2)である。両者は、1P=100cP=0.1Pa・sの関係にある。気体では粘性率は温度とともに増加し、液体では逆に減少する。また、気体では圧力によってほとんど変化しないが、液体では圧力とともに増加する。なお、動粘性率の単位は、国際単位系ではm2/s、CGS単位系ではストークスStで、1St=1cm2/s=10-4m2/sの関係にある。

[今井 功]

粘性と流体の運動

粘性を考慮して流体の運動を議論する場合、流体は粘性流体viscous fluidであるという。水や空気のように粘性の小さい流体では、粘性を無視した取扱いが可能である。このとき流体は完全流体perfect fluidあるいは非粘性流体inviscid fluidという。粘性は流体のずり変形を妨げる性質であるが、気体には膨張・収縮を妨げる性質もある。これは気体の体積粘性volume viscosityとよばれ、音波の減衰などの原因になる。氷河や地殻のような固体の流動的な変形運動の場合にも粘性が現れる。その粘性率は液体に比べてはるかに大きい。普通の液体ではずり応力と速度勾配の間に比例関係τ∝∂u/∂yが成り立つが、高分子やコロイドの溶液では成り立たないものがある。前者をニュートン流体、後者を非ニュートン流体という。

[今井 功]

[参照項目] | ずり応力 | 流れ | 流体 | レイノルズ数
粘性率
©Shogakukan">

粘性率


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Fertility

>>:  Heat of combustion

Recommend

Willow Bridge - Yanagibashi

This area is located at the southeastern edge of ...

Historical Archaeology

If history is divided into prehistoric and histor...

Buzau (English spelling)

…Historical Moldova refers to the area of ​​the f...

Usutabiga - Thin Tabiga

A large moth belonging to the order Lepidoptera a...

Kūchek Khan

?-1921 A leader of the Iranian nationalist movemen...

Coupon - Kinken

A certificate that substitutes for currency. Ther...

Reverse income tax - Gyaku no Shotokuzei

...Modern states have six main sources of governm...

Japanese - Wago

Native Japanese words, as opposed to Chinese word...

Reteporid bryozoan - Reteporid bryozoan

A general term for exoprocta belonging to the Rete...

Willi Boskovsky

1909‐91 Austrian violinist and conductor. After gr...

Kyokatabira - shroud

These funeral clothes are made of white cotton an...

topheth

…the word Gehenna comes from the Valley of Hinnom...

One character blessing - Ichiji Hairyo

〘Name〙 Taking one character from the name of a rul...

Tail unit (English spelling)

…When we simply talk about wings, we are referrin...

Airdox (English spelling)

A type of explosiveless blasting method used in pl...