This refers to the process in the early stages of development of multicellular animals, during which a fertilized egg divides repeatedly to become a blastula. It is essentially cell division, but there are some special aspects to it, so it is called cleavage in particular, and the resulting daughter cells are called blastomeres. During cleavage, division proceeds quickly without the growth of the cell body, so the outline of the embryo as a whole remains almost unchanged, and it gradually becomes smaller and smaller blastomeres. Therefore, when looking at the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, which was extremely low at the beginning of the cleavage stage, it reaches the normal value for somatic cells by the blastula stage. Cleavage patterns vary depending on the species of animal, but they often progress in a certain relationship with the polarity of the egg. Usually, the first cleavage plane passes through the main axis of the egg, and the second cleavage plane also passes through the main axis and is perpendicular to the first cleavage plane. The third cleavage plane is perpendicular to the previous two cleavage planes. The orientation of these cleavage planes is determined by the orientation of the mitotic apparatus in the cytoplasm, but it is not known how the mitotic apparatus floating in the cytoplasm is oriented. Depending on the arrangement of the blastomeres after this, they are classified as radial cleavage (sea urchins), spiral cleavage (gastropods), bilateral cleavage (ascidians), etc. In general, the progression of the cleavage furrow is slower in areas where yolk is unevenly distributed in the cytoplasm, so the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg affect the cleavage pattern. For example, in equal-yolk eggs, where a small amount of yolk is evenly distributed, equal cleavage is observed (such as sea urchin eggs), in medium-yolk eggs, where the yolk is concentrated in the center of the egg, superficial cleavage is observed (such as insect eggs), and in peripheral-yolk eggs, where a large amount of yolk is concentrated, unequal cleavage is observed (such as frog eggs) or disc cleavage is observed (such as bird eggs). As cleavage progresses, the substances initially distributed in the egg cytoplasm are fixed and divided into the blastomeres. In the egg cell, cytoplasm with different properties forms a gradient along the main axis connecting the animal pole and the vegetal pole, and as a result of cleavage, this is arranged as the difference in the properties of the blastomeres. Thus, as cleavage progresses, the nuclei of each blastomere are equivalent to each other, but the cytoplasm in which they are immersed differs. This is thought to be the first cause of the future complexity of the embryo. In other words, the potential abilities of the nucleus are partially and selectively exerted depending on the surrounding cytoplasmic environment, and this is manifested as the difference in the properties of the blastomere cells. [Kinoshita Seiichiro] © Tadaaki Ohkata "> Examples of egg cleavage patterns Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
多細胞動物の発生の初期に受精卵が分裂を繰り返して胞胚(ほうはい)になるまでの過程をいう。本質的には細胞分裂であるが、やや特殊な点があるのでとくに卵割とよび、生じた娘細胞(じょうさいぼう)は割球とよぶ。卵割では細胞体の成長がおこらぬまま、速やかに分裂が進行するので、胚全体の輪郭はほとんど変わらず、しだいに小さい割球になっていく。したがって核・細胞質比をみると、卵割期の初めにはきわめて低かったものが、胞胚期になると普通の体細胞の値になる。 動物の種類によって卵割の形式はさまざまであるが、卵の極性とある一定の関係をもって進行することが多い。普通、最初の卵割面は卵の主軸を通り、第二の卵割も主軸を通り第一の卵割面と直交する。第三の卵割面は前の二つの卵割面と直交する。このような卵割面の方向は細胞質内の分裂装置の配向によって決定されるのであるが、細胞質中に浮かんでいる分裂装置がどのようにして向きを決められているのかはわかっていない。こののちの割球の配列の仕方によって、放射卵割(ウニ)、螺旋卵割(らせんらんかつ)(腹足類)、左右相称卵割(ホヤ)などに分けられる。また一般に卵割溝の進行は、細胞質内に卵黄が偏在する部分では遅くなるので、卵に含まれる卵黄の量と分布は卵割の様式に影響を与える。たとえば、少量の卵黄が均等に分布する等黄卵では等割(ウニ卵など)、卵黄が卵の中心部に偏在している中黄卵では表割(昆虫卵など)、大量の卵黄が偏在している端黄卵では不等割(カエル卵など)または盤割(鳥類卵など)がみられる。 初め卵細胞質中に分布していた物質は、卵割が進行するにつれてそのまま割球の中にくぎられて分割される。卵細胞には動物極と植物極を結ぶ主軸に沿って、性質を異にする細胞質が勾配(こうばい)を形成しているので、卵割の結果、これが割球の性質の差となって配列されることとなる。したがって、卵割が進行するにつれて、各割球のもっている核は互いに等価であるのに、それが浸っている細胞質に差があるという状態になる。これは胚の将来の複雑さを生み出す最初の原因と考えられる。すなわち、核のもっている潜在的能力は、周りの細胞質環境によって、部分的かつ選択的に発揮されるようになり、これが割球細胞の性質の差として現れることとなるからである。 [木下清一郎] ©大片忠明"> 卵割の形式の例 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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