Gramsci - Antonio Gramsci

Japanese: グラムシ - ぐらむし（英語表記）Antonio Gramsci

Italian politician and communist thinker. Born on January 22nd to a family of Albanian civil servants on the island of Sardinia. An accident as an infant left him with a lifelong physical disability, and he spent his childhood in poverty. He received a scholarship to enter the University of Turin (1911), where he majored in linguistics. As a student he joined the Italian Socialist Party (1913) and soon became passionate about journalism. After the Turin workers' uprising (1917-1918), he became secretary of the party's local executive committee. He was deeply sympathetic to the ideological character of the Russian Revolution, and conceived of factory councils with the aim of emulating the Italian Soviet movement.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

The era of "Ordinée Nuovo"

In May 1919, together with Angelo Tasca (1892-1960), Togliatti and others, he launched the weekly magazine Ordine Nuovo in support of the factory council movement. The movement suffered a setback the following autumn in 1920 when a factory occupation was defeated, but the attitude of the party leadership at that time led Gramsci and other communists within the party to decide to split off. In January 1921, the Italian Communist Party was founded, and Gramsci was elected to its central committee. In May 1922, he went to Moscow and became an executive member of Comintern (Communist International). At the end of the following year, 1923, he moved to Vienna, where he met and married Julia Schucht during his stay in Moscow. In the spring of 1924, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies, and returned to Italy after receiving a guarantee that he would not be arrested.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

The era of the Communist Party Secretary-General

The leadership of the Communist Party, centered around Secretary General Bordiga, opposed the Comintern's united front policy, which recommended reunification with the Socialist Party, from the beginning, and the Comintern Executive Committee promoted a reorganization of the leadership of the Italian party. Gramsci replaced Bordiga as Secretary General (August 1924), but the main difference between the two was their perception of fascism and their outlook for revolution in advanced countries. Gramsci, who recognized the need for an alliance with democratic forces, accepted the united front policy and, with the support of Comintern, rejected Bordiga's sectarianism and took control of the party. The Third Party Congress held in Lyon in January 1926 approved theses, which were mainly drafted by Gramsci, and determined the basic direction of party activities. In October of the same year, the Politburo of the Italian Communist Party sent a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union expressing concern and admonishment regarding the factional struggle within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

Prison time

In November 1926, despite being a member of parliament, he was arrested under the Fascist "Special Law," and began his journey to death, moving from one detention center to another in prison. In June 1928, he was sentenced to 20 years and four months in prison by a special court. Although his sentence was later reduced, his frail body was fatally weakened by the ill-treatment and unsanitary conditions in Turi Prison (July 1928-November 1933). He was hospitalized for treatment from the end of 1933, but his health did not improve, and he died in Quisisana Hospital on April 27, 1937. The notebooks he wrote in prison (from 1929 onwards) amounted to 32 volumes, and they were published in Italy after the Second World War, causing a great sensation. The contents of these notes, which consist of deep considerations of an astonishing variety of cultural phenomena ranging from philosophy, history, and literature to religion and politics, are said to be highly original Marxist thought, and have attracted particular attention for shedding new light on previously unexplored areas of the superstructure, such as the role of culture and intellectuals, and the theory of the state and hegemony.

[Yasuro Shigeoka]

"Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, translated by Ishido Kiyomichi (1978, Sanichi Shobo)" ▽ "Gramsci's Life, by G. Fiori, translated by Fujisawa Michio (1972, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Gramsci, by J. Joll, translated by Kawai Hidekazu (1978, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Gramsci's 'Prison Notebooks' Collected Works, edited by Matsuda Hiroshi, 7 volumes, 2 supplementary volumes (2011-, Akashi Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの政治家、共産主義思想家。1月22日、サルデーニャ島のアルバニア系官吏の家庭に生まれる。幼児のころ事故により終生の身体障害となり、貧苦の少年時代を過ごした。奨学金を得てトリノ大学に入り（1911）、言語学を専攻。学生時代にイタリア社会党に入党し（1913）、まもなくジャーナリストの活動に熱中する。トリノの労働者蜂起(ほうき)（1917～1918）のあと、そこの党支部執行委員会書記になった。ロシア革命の主意主義的性格に深く共鳴し、イタリアのソビエト運動を目ざして工場評議会を構想する。

［重岡保郎］

『オルディネ・ヌオーボ』の時代

工場評議会運動のためにタスカAngelo Tasca（1892―1960）、トリアッティらとともに1919年5月、週刊誌『オルディネ・ヌオーボ』を発刊。この運動は翌1920年秋の工場占拠の敗北で挫折(ざせつ)するが、このときの党指導部の態度からグラムシら党内共産主義派は分裂を決心する。1921年1月イタリア共産党が創設され、グラムシは中央委員に選ばれた。1922年5月にモスクワに行き、コミンテルン（共産主義インターナショナル）執行委員になった。翌1923年末にはウィーンに移ったが、モスクワ滞在中、ジュリア・シュヒトと会い、結婚した。1924年春イタリアの下院議員に選出され、逮捕されない保障が生じたのち帰国した。

［重岡保郎］

共産党書記長の時代

書記長ボルディーガを中心とする共産党指導部は、社会党との再統一を勧告するコミンテルンの統一戦線政策に最初から反対したため、コミンテルン執行委員会はイタリアの党指導部の改編を推進した。ボルディーガにかわって書記長になった（1924.8）が、両者のおもな違いはファシズムの認識と先進国革命の展望との相違にあった。民主的諸勢力との同盟の必要を認めたグラムシは、統一戦線政策を受け入れ、コミンテルンの支持を背景にボルディーガのセクト主義を排して党の指導権を握るに至った。1926年1月リヨンで行われた第3回党大会は、グラムシが主として起草したテーゼを承認し、党活動の基本的方向を定めた。同年10月、ソ連共産党内の派閥闘争について、イタリア共産党政治局の名で危惧(きぐ)と忠告を表明した手紙をソ連共産党中央委員会に送った。

［重岡保郎］

獄中時代

1926年11月ファシズムの「特別法」の施行により、国会議員でありながら逮捕され、各地の拘置所や監獄を転々とする死への旅路が始まる。1928年6月に特別裁判所から懲役20年4か月の判決を受けた。刑期はその後短縮されたが、彼の病弱な肉体はトゥーリ監獄（1928.7～1933.11）での虐待と非衛生的な環境によって致命的に衰弱し、1933年末から入院治療を受けたが、健康は回復せず、1937年4月27日クィシサーナ病院で死去。獄中で（1929以降）書いたノートは32冊に上ったが、第二次世界大戦後のイタリアで出版され、大きな反響をよんだ。哲学、歴史、文学から宗教、政治に至る驚くべき多方面の文化現象に対する深い考察からなるこのノートの内容は、きわめて独創的なマルクス主義思想といわれるが、それは、文化と知識人の役割、国家論とヘゲモニーの理論といった従来未開拓の上部構造の分野に新たな照明を与えた点でとくに注目されている。

［重岡保郎］

『石堂清倫訳『グラムシ獄中ノート』（1978・三一書房）』▽『G・フィオーリ著、藤沢道郎訳『グラムシの生涯』（1972・平凡社）』▽『J・ジョル著、河合秀和訳『グラムシ』（1978・岩波書店）』▽『松田博責任編集『グラムシ「獄中ノート」著作集』全7巻・別巻2（2011～　・明石書店）』

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