It is a dicotyledonous plant, and in Engler's classification system, together with the closely related Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae, and Moraceae, it belongs to the dipetalous Urticales, while in the classification system based on phylogenetic relationships, it belongs to the eudicotyledonous Rosales. Among these orders, it is particularly closely related to the Moraceae, and shares in common the fact that the leaves often have three veins emerging from the base and that the epidermal cells contain calcium carbonate crystals called stalactites. However, it is distinguished from the Moraceae, which usually have latex in the plant body and verticillate ovules, by not having latex in the plant body and having upright ovules. The flowers are usually small and sexually distinct, and are wind-pollinated with inconspicuous perianths, but many of them gather together in clusters to form inflorescences. In some species, the anthers of the male flowers mechanically burst open at flowering to scatter pollen. The fruits are small achenes, but the perianth sepals can become fleshy or juicy and envelop them. They contain around 1,300 species in 47 genera, found in tropical and temperate climates around the world. They are generally divided into six tribes, of which 15 genera and over 60 species in four tribes grow wild in Japan. Many species have long, strong fiber in their stems, and various species are used around the world as fiber plants. Additionally, the young stems and leaves of some genera are edible and are sometimes cultivated. [Yonekura Koji] [References] | | | | |©Yuichi Kadota "> Flowers and fruits of the nettle plant [morphology] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
双子葉植物で、近縁のニレ科、アサ科、クワ科とともにエングラーの分類体系では離弁花類イラクサ目に属し、系統関係に基づく分類体系では真正双子葉類のバラ目に属する。これらの目のなかではとくにクワ科に近縁で、葉の基部から3脈が出ることが多い点や、表皮細胞中に鍾乳(しょうにゅう)体とよばれる炭酸カルシウムの結晶が含まれる点などが共通する。だが、植物体に乳液をもたず、胚珠(はいしゅ)が直生することによって、普通、植物体に乳液をもち、胚珠が倒生するクワ科と区別されている。花には普通、雌雄の別があって小さく、風媒で花被(かひ)は目だたないが、多数が密に集まって団集状の花序をつくることが多い。一部の種では雄花の葯(やく)が開花時に機械的にはじけて花粉を散布する特徴をもつ。果実は痩果(そうか)で小さいが、花被片が肉質や多汁質になってそれを包み込むことがある。世界の熱帯から温帯にかけて約47属1300種ほどを含む。一般に六つの連に分けられ、うち四つの連に属する15属60種余りが日本に野生する。茎に長く強い繊維をもつ種が多く、繊維植物として様々な種が世界中で利用されている。また、いくつかの属では若い茎葉が食用にされ、栽培されることもある。 [米倉浩司] [参照項目] | | | | |©門田裕一"> ムカゴイラクサの花・果実〔形態〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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