Illegality - Ihosei

Japanese: 違法性 - いほうせい

To violate the law and be legally criticized. (1) Civil norms are regulated by the principle of private autonomy. Thus, there is nothing that restrains the parties other than the content of their will. However, an intention to violate the law of the state (→ public order and morals) that takes precedence over the will of the parties, and an intention to deceive (→ fraud), threaten, or infringe (→ tort) the will of one of the parties, are illegal and are rejected. (2) In criminal law, the theory of objective illegality, which clearly distinguishes between responsibility and illegality, is the prevailing view. However, in terms of its practical understanding, there are conflicts between the theory of violation of norms and the theory of infringement of legal interests. Furthermore, recently, the substance of illegality has been fiercely debated in terms of whether to emphasize the value of the act or the value of the result. In general, acts that meet the constituent elements are considered to be illegal unless there is a reason to exclude illegality, and the substance of illegality is discussed around the interpretation of the reason to exclude illegality. In addition, there is a strong view that illegality under the criminal law is more serious than that under other legal fields and requires a degree of punishment. (→Punishable illegality)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

法に違反し，法的に非難を加えられること。 (1) 民事規範は私的自治の原則によって規制される。したがって，当事者の意思内容のほかに当事者を掣肘するものはない。しかし，当事者の意思に優先する国法に反する意思 (→公序良俗 ) ，および一方の当事者の意思を欺き (→詐欺 ) ，脅し，または侵害する (→不法行為 ) 意思は違法性を有するものとなり，退けられる。 (2) 刑事法では，責任と違法性を明確に区別する客観的違法論が通説である。ただ，その実質的理解においては，規範違反説と法益侵害説などの対立がある。さらに最近行為無価値，結果無価値のいずれを重視するのかという形で違法性の実質が激しく争われている。一般に，構成要件に該当する行為は違法阻却事由の存しないかぎり違法性をそなえているとされ，違法性の実質は違法阻却事由の解釈をめぐって論じられる。なお，刑法上の違法性は他の法領域におけるそれより重大で，処罰に値する程度を要する，とする見解も有力である。 (→可罰的違法性 ) 　

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