It refers to the expression of intent to make a defective and incomplete legal act completely valid later. It is also called ex post facto consent. Under the Civil Code, there are the following cases. (1) Ratification of an act that can be rescinded. An act by an incompetent person or an act committed under fraudulent duress can be rescinded, but if the person with the right to rescind actively ratifies it, it will become definitively valid. In addition, if a person with the right to ratify performs a certain act that realizes all or part of a right, it is considered to have been ratified by law (statutory ratification). (2) Ratification of an unauthorized agency. If the principal ratifies an act performed by an unauthorized agent, the agency act becomes retroactively valid. (3) Ratification of an invalid act. An invalid act should not be made valid by ratification, but as long as it does not violate public order and morals and does not cause disadvantage to third parties, it may be interpreted as being retroactively valid by ratification. However, if the parties ratify it with knowledge that it is invalid, it is considered to have been a new act (Civil Code). It allows room for ratification of litigation actions that are invalid even under the Civil Procedure Act. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
瑕疵 (かし) のある不完全な法律行為をあとから完全に有効なものとするための意思表示をいう。事後同意ともいう。民法上,次の場合がある。 (1) 取消しが可能な行為の追認。無能力者の行為や詐欺強迫による行為は取り消すこともできるが,取消権者が積極的に追認すれば確定的に有効となる。なお,追認権者が権利の全部または一部を実現するような一定の行為をしたときは,法律上追認したものとみなされる (法定追認) 。 (2) 無権代理行為の追認。無権代理人のなした行為を本人が追認すれば,その代理行為は遡及的に有効となる。 (3) 無効行為の追認。無効な行為は追認しても有効とはならないはずだが,公序良俗に違反せず,第三者にも不利益を及ぼさないかぎり,追認によって遡及的に有効と解されることがある。ただし,当事者が無効であることを知って追認したときは新たな行為をしたものとみなされる (民法) 。民事訴訟法でも無効とされる訴訟行為について追認できる余地を認める。
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