A country in South Asia, in the central Himalayas. Its official name is the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Sandwiched between India and China (Tibet Autonomous Region), it has been historically influenced by the cultures of both countries, and is also a political international buffer zone. It has a diverse natural environment and a complex composition of ethnic groups, languages, religions, and cultures, but its national language is Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language. It has an area of 147,181 square kilometers and a population of 28,196,000 (2007 estimate). Its capital is Kathmandu. Its main industry is agriculture, but it is home to high peaks such as Mount Everest, and attracts climbers and tourists. [Ryuzo Takayama] NatureThe Great Himalayas are in the north, several parallel mountain ranges, intermountain basins and gorges in the center, and the Terai Plain in the south, with a terrain of ups and downs of up to 8,000 meters in altitude. The main ridges of the Great Himalayas, such as Mount Everest in the east, almost coincide with the border with China, but from the center to the west, the Manaslu, Annapurna, and Dhaulagiri mountain ranges run through the country, and the Tibetan mountain ranges are connected to the border. To the south of these main ridges, there is the midland between the Mahabharat Range at an altitude of 2,000 to 3,000 meters, and the mountain slopes are cultivated, making this the area that is most characteristic of Nepal. Further south, there are the Siwalik (Chule) Hills, the foremountain of the Himalayas, and to the south, the Terai Plain at an altitude of 200 meters borders these mountain ranges and connects to the Hindustan Plain of India. Rivers collecting Himalayan glacier water and monsoon rain cut deep gorges across the mountain ranges, and sometimes flow between mountain ranges, all of which flow into the Ganges. Dividing the landform into three parts by a line running east-west, the Himalayan highlands, the intermediate mountains (including basins and gorges), and the Terai plains, is useful not only for natural features such as altitude, topography, relief, climate, and vegetation, but also for cultural features such as crops, livelihoods, ethnic groups, and religions. It is also possible to divide the land into eastern, central, and western parts based on the three major rivers, Kosi, Narayani (Gandak), and Karnali, from the east. Reflecting the elevation changes, the climate also varies greatly, from subtropical to temperate to alpine. The seasons are divided into a dry season centered on winter and a rainy season from June to September. Although the summer monsoon brings rain to the southern side of the Himalayas, the northwestern part north of the main ridge is dry even during this season. As a result, a wide range of vegetation can be seen, from subtropical forests to evergreen broad-leaved forests, coniferous forests, and alpine forests. [Ryuzo Takayama] historySeveral dynasties emerged in ancient times, but it is difficult to distinguish between historical fact and legend. However, historical fact is gradually being clarified through the study of the dynasty records known as the Banshabari, the deciphering of stone inscriptions, ancient Buddhist scriptures, and ancient coins. According to legend, Shakyamuni was born in Lumbini, a town in the central Terai plains, and grew up in Kapilavastu Fort. The oldest dynasty attested to is the Licchavi dynasty, whose rule by King Manadeba is recorded in an ancient inscription believed to date to the second half of the 5th century. The dynasty reached its golden age under King Amshuvarma, and the state of the great capital at that time was recorded by the Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang (7th century). From the 13th century to the mid-18th century, the Malla dynasty ruled the Kathmandu Valley. During the reign of King Jayasthiti Malla of the same dynasty in the late 14th century, the caste system was introduced and reached its height of prosperity, but after the death of his grandson King Yaksha Malla, the kingdom was divided into three states, Bhadgaon, Kathmandu, and Patan, and there were repeated periods of conflict and peace. City-states, backed by the agriculture of the fertile basin and the craft and commercial talent of the Newar people, were the driving forces behind the kingdom's history. Even today, vestiges of its medieval history can be seen in the city's facilities and buildings. In 1769, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of the Gurkha (Gorkha) monarchy located in the mountains 100 km west of the Kathmandu Valley, took advantage of the internal conflict within the Malla dynasty and conquered it, moving the capital to Kathmandu and establishing the Gurkha dynasty. This dynasty became the origin of the Kingdom of Nepal, which lasted until the abolition of the monarchy in 2008. The Gurkha dynasty advanced its troops from east to west, conquering Sikkim in the east and Garhwal in the west, and even invading Tibet. The monarchies of Chobishi Raja (24 monarchies) in central Nepal and Baishi Raja (22 monarchies) in western Nepal were also unified under the Gurkha dynasty. After that, the kingdom clashed with Tibet and the Qing Dynasty in the north and with Britain (the East India Company) in the south. After the Gurkha War (Nepal War) with Britain in 1814, the Treaty of Sagauri was concluded in 1816, reducing the territory to its current size and a British resident official was stationed in the capital. In the mid-19th century, Jang Bahadur Rana, a vassal of the king, carried out a massacre in the royal palace courtyard, usurped the king's power, became Maharaja (Prime Minister), and established a hereditary shogunate similar to the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, which continued as an autocratic government for a century. After that, Nepal fought against Tibet again, sent troops to help Britain during the Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny), and maintained its independence by maintaining friendly relations with Britain. After the Second World War, stimulated by India's independence, anti-Rana forces such as the Nepali Congress came together and demands for democratization grew. In 1951, with the support of India, King Tribhuvan was restored to the monarchy, and a compromise was reached between the Rana government, the King, and the Nepali Congress. However, before the political situation could stabilize, the King died in 1955 and was succeeded by King Mahendra. King Mahendra began reforming the feudal government that had been centered on tribal chiefs, promulgated a new constitution in 1959, and the first general election was held, with the B.P. Koirala cabinet being formed. At the end of 1960, fearing a reduction in royal power, the King suddenly arrested his cabinet members, dissolved the parliament, suspended the constitution, and established direct rule by the King. Subsequently, a system of panchayat democracy was adopted in place of party parliamentary democracy, and in 1962, a new constitution drafted by the King incorporating this system was promulgated. King Mahendra, who promoted modernization, passed away in 1972 and King Birendra succeeded to the throne, and was crowned in 1975. With the death of King Birendra in 2001, his younger brother Gyanendra became king. In 2008, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the transition to a federal democratic republic, and the monarchy was abolished. Since the Rana period, there was a national code (Muluki Ain) that regulated social life based on ethnic, religious, and social customs, but in 1963 a new national code was enacted, which proclaimed the abolition of the caste system and discrimination based on status, religion, and sex. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal enacted in 1990 stipulated that discrimination based on caste should be punished. [Ryuzo Takayama] Politics and DiplomacyIt was based on a system called the Panchayat (meaning a group of five, a council), which was a kind of cumulative political system with three levels: village (gaon), city (nagar), district (zilla), and state (rashtriya). In 1980, the seats of the state Panchayat were elected by direct election. In 1979, when the demonstrations calling for democratization turned violent, the king decided to ask the people for their opinion. In 1980, the national referendum finally supported the system, with 55% in favor of the Panchayat system and 45% in favor of a multi-party system. Based on the constitutional amendment of the same year, the second general election in history was held in 1981, and although the opposition called for a boycott, the turnout was 52%, and the royalists won the majority. From 1962 to 1990, the Panchayat system was maintained, although it was amended. In 1990, the democratization movement intensified, a general strike occurred, and the country was thrown into turmoil. The Nepali Congress and the United Left Front (Communist Party, etc.) joined forces, and it is said that other organizations also joined forces. The King attempted to compromise with the political parties, but finally declared the abolition of the Panchayat system, the restoration of a multi-party system, and constitutional amendments to achieve this, and the situation finally calmed down. The new Constitution promulgated in the same year was based on the pillars of sovereignty of the people, constitutional monarchy, fundamental rights such as equality and freedom, a bicameral parliament, and a parliamentary cabinet system, and the King became a symbol of the unity of the state and its people, but he retained supreme command of the military and emergency powers. General elections were then held, but no single party won a majority, and an unstable political situation continued with several combinations of coalition governments. In 1996, the Maoist Communist Party of Nepal launched an armed struggle with the aim of overthrowing the monarchy, and a wide area came under its influence. King Gyanendra dissolved Parliament (the lower house) in 2002, and since then, he has repeatedly appointed cabinets, and in 2005, he tried to resolve the chaos by direct rule, but the situation became increasingly chaotic. In 2006, as public protests spread, the King declared that he would reinstate the dissolved lower house. This led to the formation of a new government, and in the Constituent Assembly elections held in April 2008, the Communist Party Maoist faction became the leading party, and the Constituent Assembly declared a transition to a federal democratic republic, and the monarchy was abolished. The Constituent Assembly has 601 seats, of which 335 are proportional representation seats, 240 are single-seat constituency seats, and 26 are nominated by cabinet members, the latter of which is said to include representatives of minority groups who were not elected. Nepal's diplomacy has traditionally followed a neutral policy that does not lean toward either of the two major powers, the North or the South. In the past, it paid tribute to the Qing Dynasty, maintained friendly relations with Britain, and worked with Britain to check India. After joining the United Nations in 1955, it promoted active diplomacy with China while maintaining relations with India, and came up with a non-aligned policy and a peace zone concept. [Ryuzo Takayama] Economy and IndustryThe gross domestic product (GDP) is $8.1 billion, and the gross national income (GNI) per capita is $290 (2006), which is one of the lowest in Asia. Agricultural production accounts for about 40% of the GDP, and about 70% of the population is engaged in agriculture (2001 census). Arable land area is 18% of the land area, and 30% including pastures, the rest is forest or wasteland. Most of the country is self-sufficient, and rice, the staple food, is grown in the Terai region and in the lowlands and basins of the mid-mountains (below 1,800 meters) in the subtropics and warm temperate zones. Jute is produced in the eastern Terai, and the jute products are exported. Intensive farming is practiced in the Kathmandu Valley, with rice grown in the monsoon season and wheat or vegetables in the dry winter season. The main crops in the mountains are corn, millet, and beans, which are grown on terraced fields. The country is the fifth largest producer of the spice cardamom in the world. Agriculture and livestock farming are closely linked, with livestock being used for plowing and transportation, their dung as fertilizer, and milk and dairy products as important foods. Livestock kept in the lowlands include the zebu cattle (for plowing, threshing, and transportation), buffalo (for milk, manure production, and food), in the mountainous areas small cattle (for plowing), and in the highlands the zoo, a cross between a cattle and a yak (for milk production, plowing, and transportation), and yaks (for milk production, transportation, and providing food, clothing, and shelter). Goats and sheep are also widely kept for the production of milk (butter), meat, hides, and wool. Industry is underdeveloped, and even with small-scale industry included, industrial production accounts for less than 10% of GDP. The main industries are agricultural and forestry product processing, such as rice milling, tobacco, lumber, sugar refining, jute manufacturing, and textiles. Factories are concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley and in cities in the eastern and central Terai regions. In terms of natural resources, forests make up 38% of the country's land area, and abundant subtropical forests can be found from the Terai plains to the Siwalik Hills, but they are undeveloped. Mineral resources are also being investigated, but few are promising for business. However, given the country's natural conditions, there is enormous potential for hydroelectric resources, and investigations are being conducted into hydroelectric development. The country, which is blessed with the vast natural beauty of the Himalayas and historical and cultural assets, is becoming a world-class tourist destination through the development of transportation routes and facilities. The currency is the Nepalese rupee, issued by the National Bank, and banknotes are available in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 rupees. [Ryuzo Takayama] Society and CultureThe population density of 192 people per square kilometer (2007) is high for a country with such rugged terrain, and the population is growing at a rate of more than 2% per year. According to the topography, the population is distributed in a belt-like pattern, with the highest population density in the Terai plains (especially in the eastern part), the next highest in the mid-mountain, the lower inland Terai, and the sparsest in the Himalayan highlands. The most densely populated area is the Kathmandu Valley, and cities are concentrated here and in the Terai region. There is a large population outflow from the mid-mountain to the Indian state of Sikkim. In Nepal, a diverse range of groups coexist in terms of characteristics, language, religion, social organization, and customs. In terms of religion, 80% of the population is Hindu, which indicates that a significant portion of the mountain people have already converted to Hinduism. However, indigenous beliefs and rituals remain, and multi-layered beliefs are observed. Buddhists make up 10% of the population, mainly Newar Buddhists around Kathmandu and Tibetan Buddhists in the Himalayan highlands. Muslims make up 3.5%. More than half of the population speaks Nepali as their mother tongue, and it is used nationwide as a common language. Roughly speaking, the southern half of Nepal is inhabited by Caucasian people, while the northern half is inhabited by Mongoloid people, whose mother tongues are Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman, respectively, but in detail, it is complicated. The distribution of ethnic groups corresponds to the elevation of the land. The indigenous Tharu people lived in the Terai region, but today Indians who speak dialects such as Bihari, Bengali, and Hindi live there, and Nepalese people migrated from the mountains. The Baung (Brahman), Chhetri, and Thakur (Kshatriya), whose mother tongue is Nepali, live in the lowlands of the intermediate mountain range, and most of them cultivate rice paddies, forming villages with a small number of artisan castes and caste societies. Above them, in the highlands of the intermediate mountain range, ethnic groups whose mother tongues are Himalayan languages live and make a living from farming and livestock raising. The Tamang live in the mountains to the east and west of the Kathmandu Valley, the Rai, Limbu and Sunuwar live in the eastern mountains, and the Magar, Gurung and Thackeray live in the western mountains. The indigenous people of the Kathmandu Valley are the Newar people, who have been influenced by Indian civilization since ancient times and have developed their own culture. Furthermore, Tibetan people live in the highlands of the Himalayas, and their mother tongue is a dialect of Tibetan, they make a living by farming wheat, raising livestock and trading with caravans, and they believe in Tibetan Buddhism. School education is a 5-3-2 system consisting of 5 years of elementary school, 3 years of middle school and 2 years of high school, and although there is an emphasis on education, it is not compulsory. The adult literacy rate was 16.6% in 1970, but it rose to 53.7% in 2001. There are national universities, such as Tribhuvan University, Purvanchal University and Pokhara University, mainly in Kathmandu, as well as private universities such as Kathmandu University. There are 58 daily newspapers. [Ryuzo Takayama] Relations with JapanNepal's trade with Japan is large, with exports to Japan amounting to approximately 7.46 million dollars and imports to Japan amounting to approximately 36.17 million dollars (2004). The number of Japanese visitors to Japan was recorded at 41,070 in 1999, but has decreased due to security concerns, to 14,478 in 2005. In terms of annual visitor numbers by country, Nepal ranks third after India, the UK, and the US. [Ryuzo Takayama] "More About Nepal," edited by Ishii Hiroshi (1986, Kobundo)" ▽ "Asian Reader: Nepal to Understand Life," edited by Ishii Hiroshi (1997, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)" ▽ "The People of Nepal," written by D.B. Bista and translated by Tamura Machiko (1993, Kokon Shoten)" ▽ "New Edition: Himalayan Bibliography," written by Yakushi Yoshimi (1994, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "A Travelogue of Nepal," written by Tamura Zenjiro (2004, Musashino Art University Press)" ▽ "The Disintegration of the Nepalese Monarchy," written by Ogura Kiyoko (2007, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "The Lives of Nepalese Villagers and International Cooperation," written by Kiyosawa Hiroshi (2008, Shakai Hyoronsha) [References] | | | | | | | | [Additional Materials] |"> Nepal flag ©Shogakukan Illustration/Shogakukan Creative "> Nepal location map Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
南アジア、ヒマラヤ山脈中部にある国。正称はネパール連邦民主共和国Federal Democratic Requblic of Nepalである。インドと中国(チベット自治区)に挟まれており、歴史的にその双方の文化的影響を受け、政治上も国際的緩衝地帯となっている。変化に富む自然環境と複雑な民族、言語、宗教、文化を構成するが、インド・アーリア系諸語のネパール語を国語とする。面積14万7181平方キロメートル、人口2819万6000(2007推計)。首都はカトマンズ。農業を主とするが、エベレスト山をはじめとする高峰をもち、登山者、観光客を集めている。 [高山龍三] 自然北部には大ヒマラヤ山脈、中央部にはそれに並行するいくつかの山脈と山間盆地や峡谷、最南部にはタライ平野があり、その地勢は高度差8000メートルに及ぶ起伏がある。大ヒマラヤ山脈の主嶺(しゅれい)は、東部のエベレスト山などは中国との国境とほぼ一致するが、中部以西ではマナスル、アンナプルナ、ダウラギリ山群のように国内を走り、国境にはチベット周辺山脈が連なる。これらの主嶺の南側は、標高2000~3000メートルのマハバーラト山脈との間に中間山地(ミッドランド)があり、山腹斜面が耕地化されていて、もっともネパールらしさをもつ地域である。さらにその南に下るとヒマラヤ山脈前山のシワリク(チューレ)丘陵があり、もっとも南側に標高200メートルのタライ平野がこれらの山脈を縁どり、インドのヒンドスタン平野に連なっている。ヒマラヤの氷河の水とモンスーンの雨を集める河川が山脈を横切って深い峡谷をつくり、またときには山脈と山脈の間を流れるなどして、いずれもガンジス川に流れ込む。東西に走る線で、ヒマラヤ高地、中間山地(盆地や峡谷を含む)、タライ平野と、地形を三つに分けることは、高度、地形、起伏、気候、植生のような自然のみならず、作物、生業、民族、宗教などの文化の区分としても有用である。また、東からコシ、ナラヤニ(ガンダク)、カルナリの三大河川を軸にして、東部、中部、西部と分けることも可能である。高低起伏を反映して、気候も亜熱帯から温帯を経て、高山帯に至るきわめて多様の変化をもつ。季節は冬を中心とする乾期と、6~9月の雨期に分かれる。夏のモンスーンはヒマラヤ山脈の南面に雨をもたらすものの、主嶺以北の北西部はこの時期にも乾燥している。このため亜熱帯林から照葉樹林を経て、針葉樹林、高山帯という幅広い植生がみられる。 [高山龍三] 歴史古代にはいくつかの王朝が現れたが、史実と伝説の区別は困難である。しかしバンシャーバリーとよばれる王朝譜や石碑文の解読、古写経、古貨幣の研究などによってしだいに史実が明らかにされつつある。伝説によれば、釈迦(しゃか)はタライ平野中部の町ルンビニーで生まれ、カピラバストゥ城で育ったといわれる。実証される最古の王朝はリッチャビ王朝で、5世紀後半と考えられる古碑文にマーナ・デバ王の統治が記されている。同王朝はアムシュバルマー王の時代に黄金期を迎え、当時の大都城のようすが唐の僧玄奘(げんじょう)によって記録されている(7世紀)。13世紀から18世紀中葉にかけて、マッラ王朝がカトマンズ盆地を支配した。14世紀後半同王朝のジャヤスティティ・マッラ王の時代に、カースト制度が取り入れられ最盛期を迎えたが、その孫のヤクシャ・マッラ王の没後、王国はバドガオン、カトマンズ、パタンの3国に分かれ、抗争と和平を繰り返した。肥沃(ひよく)な盆地の農業やネワール人がもつ工芸商才を背景にした都市国家が歴史の担い手であった。今日でもその中世都市の名残(なごり)を都市施設と建造物にみることができる。 1769年カトマンズ盆地の西方100キロメートルの山地にあったグルカ(ゴルカ)土侯国の王プリトビ・ナラヤン・シャハは、マッラ王朝の内紛に乗じこれを征服、カトマンズに首都を移し、グルカ王朝を樹立した。この王朝が2008年の王制廃止まで続いたネパール王国の起源となった。グルカ王朝は東西に兵を進めて、東はシッキム、西はガルワールまでを征し、さらにチベットへも侵入した。中部ネパールのチョウビシ・ラージャ(24土侯)、西部ネパールのバイシ・ラージャ(22土侯)などの諸土侯国もグルカ王朝のもとに統一された。その後、王国は北方でチベットおよび清(しん)、南方でイギリス(東インド会社)と衝突した。1814年のイギリスとのグルカ戦争(ネパール戦争)ののち、16年にサガウリ条約が結ばれ、現在の領土に縮小、首都にイギリスの駐在官が常駐するようになった。19世紀中葉、王の家臣ジャン・バハドゥール・ラナが王宮中庭で虐殺を行い、国王の権力を奪ってマハーラージャ(宰相)の位につき、日本の徳川幕府に似た世襲制の将軍政治を確立し、以後1世紀間専制政治が続いた。その後ネパールはふたたびチベットと戦い、インドの大反乱(セポイの反乱)には兵を送ってイギリスを助け、イギリスと友好を保って独立を維持した。 第二次世界大戦後、インドの独立に刺激されて、ネパール会議派など国民の反ラナ勢力が結集し、民主化への要求が高まった。1951年、インドの支援もあってトリブバン国王の王政復古がなり、ラナ政権、国王、ネパール会議派間の妥協が成立した。しかし政情が安定しないうちに1955年国王が死去、マヘンドラ国王が継承した。マヘンドラ国王はそれまでの部族長中心の封建政治の改革に着手し、1959年新憲法を発布、初の総選挙が施行されてB・P・コイララ内閣が生まれた。1960年末、王権の縮小を恐れた国王は突如閣僚を逮捕、議会を解散して憲法を停止し国王親政とした。ついで政党議会制民主主義にかわってパンチャーヤト民主主義という体制がとられ、1962年、その体制を取り入れた国王起草の新憲法が公布された。近代化を推進したマヘンドラ国王が1972年に死去、ビレンドラ国王が王位を継承、1975年に戴冠(たいかん)式をあげた。2001年ビレンドラ国王の死去により、国王の弟ギャネンドラが国王となった。2008年制憲議会で連邦民主共和制への移行が宣言され、王制は廃止された。 ラナ時代から、民族的、宗教的、社会的慣習に基づいて、社会的生活を規定していた国家法典(ムルキ・アイン)があったが、1963年新国家法典が制定され、法のうえではカースト制の廃止、身分・宗教・性別による差別の廃止などがうたわれた。1990年に制定されたネパール王国憲法では、カーストに基づく差別は処罰するべきものとされた。 [高山龍三] 政治・外交パンチャーヤト(五人組、会議の意)制とよばれる体制を基盤としたが、これは一種の積上げ方式による政治体制で、村落(ガオン)および都市(ナガル)、郡(ジラ)、国家(ラシュトリヤ)の3段階からなっていた。国家パンチャーヤト議席は1980年、直接選挙による選出に改められた。1979年民主化を求めるデモの暴動化に際し、国王は民意を問うことにした。そして1980年、国民投票の結果、パンチャーヤト制支持55%、複数政党制支持45%で、やっとその体制が支持された。同年の憲法改正に基づき、1981年史上2回目の総選挙が実施され、野党はボイコットを呼びかけたが、投票率は52%で、国王派が過半数を占めた。1962年から1990年まで、修正を加えながらもパンチャーヤト制は維持された。 1990年民主化運動が高まり、ゼネストが起こり、国内は騒然となった。ネパール会議派と統一左翼戦線(共産党など)が手を組み、ほかの組織も同調したといわれる。国王は政党側と妥協を図ったが、ついにパンチャーヤト制の廃止、複数政党制の復活、そのための憲法改正を声明し、ようやく平静になった。同年公布された新憲法は、主権在民、立憲君主制、平等・自由などの基本的権利、二院制の議会、議院内閣制などを柱とし、国王は国家と国民の統合の象徴となったが、軍の統帥権や非常大権をもっていた。 その後総選挙が実施されたが単独で過半数をとるものがなく、いくつかの組合せの連立内閣による不安定な政治情勢が続き、1996年ネパール共産党毛沢東(もうたくとう)主義派が王制打破を目ざして武装闘争を開始、広い地域がその勢力下となった。 ギャネンドラ国王は2002年議会(下院)を解散、以降、自らの指名による組閣を繰り返し、2005年には直接統治によって混乱を打開しようとしたが、事態はますます混迷した。2006年、国民の抗議行動が広がるなかで、国王は解散した下院を復活させることを宣言。これにより新政府が発足し、2008年4月に行われた制憲議会選挙で共産党毛沢東主義派が第一党となり、制憲議会で連邦民主共和制への移行が宣言され、王制は廃止された。 制憲議会の議席数は601で、比例代表枠335、小選挙区枠240、閣議指名枠26となっており、閣議指名枠には選出されなかった少数派グループの代表を含めるとされている。 ネパールの外交は伝統的に南北二大勢力に偏らない中立政策をとってきた。古くは清(しん)への朝貢、イギリスとの友好関係、イギリスと組んでのインドへの牽制(けんせい)、1955年の国連加盟後は、中国と積極的外交を推進しながら、インドとも関係を保ち、非同盟政策、平和地帯構想など打ち出した。 [高山龍三] 経済・産業国内総生産(GDP)は81億ドル、1人当り国民総所得(GNI)290ドル(2006)はアジアのなかでも低い値を示す。農業生産は国内総生産の約40%を占め、人口の約70%が農業に従事している(2001年国勢調査)。耕地面積は国土の18%、牧草地を加えても30%で、ほかは森林か荒れ地である。大部分が自給農業で、主食である米はタライ地方や亜熱帯、暖温帯の中間山地低地部・盆地(1800メートル以下)でつくられる。ジュートは東部タライで生産され、その製品は輸出される。カトマンズ盆地ではモンスーン期に米、冬の乾期に小麦か野菜というように、集約的な農耕が行われる。山地の主作物はトウモロコシ、雑穀(シコクビエ)、豆類で、段々畑でつくられる。香料のカルダモンの生産は世界第5位である。農耕と牧畜は深く結び付き、家畜は耕作や輸送に使われ、その糞(ふん)は肥料に、乳および乳製品は重要な食料となる。家畜としては低地ではインドコブウシ(耕起、脱穀、運搬用)、水牛(乳、厩肥(きゅうひ)生産、食用)、山地では小形のウシ(耕起用)、高地ではウシとヤクの交配雑種のゾー(乳生産、耕起、運搬用)、ヤク(乳生産、運搬用のほか衣食住材料を提供)が飼われる。ほかにヤギ、ヒツジも乳(バター)、肉、皮、毛の生産のために広く飼われている。 工業は未発達で、小規模工業を加えても工業生産は国内総生産の10%に満たない。農林産物加工、たとえば精米、タバコ、製材、精糖、ジュート製造工業や繊維産業などがおもなものである。工場はカトマンズ盆地と、東部、中部タライの都市に集中する。 天然資源としては森林が国土の38%を占め、豊富な亜熱帯林がタライ平野からシワリク丘陵にかけてみられるが、未開発である。鉱産資源も調査が行われているが、企業的に有望なものは少ない。ただ自然条件からみて、潜在水力資源は莫大(ばくだい)なもので、水力開発の調査がなされている。またヒマラヤの大自然と歴史的文化財を有するこの国は、交通路と施設の開発によって世界の観光地となりつつある。通貨は国立銀行発行のネパール・ルピーで、1、2、5、10、20、50、100、500、1000ルピーの銀行券がある。 [高山龍三] 社会・文化1平方キロメートル当り192人という人口密度(2007)は、起伏の激しい国土としては高い値で、しかも人口は年率2%以上の割で増加している。地形にしたがって、人口密度の高いタライ平野(とくに東部)、次に高い中間山地、低い内陸タライ、もっとも希薄なヒマラヤ高地というように帯状に分布している。そのうちでも際だって人口稠密(ちゅうみつ)な所はカトマンズ盆地で、こことタライ地方に都市が集中している。中間山地からインドのシッキム州などへの人口流出も多い。ネパールには形質的、言語的に、また宗教、社会組織、風俗習慣からみて多彩な集団の共存がみられる。宗教に関していえば、ヒンドゥー教徒が80%いるが、この数字は山地民の相当部分がすでにヒンドゥー教化していることを物語る。しかし土着信仰や儀礼は残っており、重層信仰がみられる。仏教徒は全人口の10%、主としてカトマンズ周辺のネワール人の仏教徒と、ヒマラヤ高地のチベット仏教徒である。イスラム教徒は3.5%である。 ネパール語を母語とする人は全人口のなかばを超え、共通語として全国的に普及している。大ざっぱにみて、ネパールの南半にコーカソイド系の人種、北半にモンゴロイド系の人種が住み、その母語はそれぞれインド・アーリア系諸語、チベット・ビルマ系諸語であるが、細かくみると複雑である。民族分布は高度起伏と対応している。タライ地方には先住民のタルーがいたが、今日ではビハール語、ベンガル語、ヒンディー語などの方言を話すインド人が居住し、山地からネパール人が移住した。ネパール語を母語とするバウン(ブラーマン)やチェットリ、タクール(クシャトリヤ)は、中間山地の低地に居住し、大部分は水田耕作を営み、少数の職人カーストと、カースト社会をもつ村落を形成する。その上方、中間山地の高地には、ヒマラヤ諸語を母語とする諸民族が畑作と牧畜を生業として居住する。カトマンズ盆地を挟んで東西の山地にタマン、東部山地にライ、リンブー、スヌワール、西部山地にマガル、グルン、タカリーの諸民族が住む。カトマンズ盆地の先住民はネワール人で、古くからインド文明の影響を受け独自の文化を育ててきた。さらにヒマラヤ高地にはチベット系の民族が住み、チベット語の方言を母語とし、麦作、牧畜、隊商交易をあわせた生業に従い、チベット仏教を信じている。学校教育は小学校5年、中学校3年、高校2年の5―3―2制となっており、教育に力を入れているが、義務教育となっていない。1970年では16.6%であった成人識字率は2001年には53.7%となった。大学はカトマンズを中心にトリブバン大学、プルバンチャル大学、ポカラ大学などの国立大学のほか、私学のカトマンズ大学などがある。新聞は日刊紙が58を数える。 [高山龍三] 日本との関係日本との貿易は、対日輸出額は約746万ドル、対日輸入額は約3617万ドル(2004)と、ネパールの大幅な入超となっている。日本人入国者数は、1999年には4万1070人を記録したが、治安面での不安から減少し、2005年には1万4478人となった。年間の国別入国者数では、インド、イギリス、アメリカに次ぐ。 [高山龍三] 『石井溥編『もっと知りたいネパール』(1986・弘文堂)』▽『石井溥編『暮らしがわかるアジア読本・ネパール』(1997・河出書房新社)』▽『D・B・ビスタ著、田村真知子訳『ネパールの人びと』(1993・古今書店)』▽『薬師義美著『新版・ヒマラヤ文献目録』(1994・白水社)』▽『田村善次郎著『ネパール周遊紀行』(2004・武蔵野美術大学出版局)』▽『小倉清子著『ネパール王制解体』(2007・日本放送出版協会)』▽『清沢洋著『ネパール村人の暮らしと国際協力』(2008・社会評論社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |"> ネパールの国旗 ©Shogakukan 作図/小学館クリエイティブ"> ネパール位置図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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