A general term for a method of analysis in which the occurrence of physical or chemical changes in a substance is detected by changing the temperature of the substance, and for thermometric titration, in which liquids that undergo thermal changes when mixed are mixed and the thermal behavior of the mixture is analyzed. [Yoshio Narusawa] principle(1) Thermogravimetry (TG): A method for continuously measuring the temperature-mass change curve of a sample using a thermobalance. A thermobalance generally consists of a precision balance, a furnace designed to increase the temperature linearly over time, and a recorder. (2) Differential thermal analysis (DTA): A method in which a reference substance that does not undergo abnormal thermal changes when heated (such as alumina or quartz; these are called thermally neutral substances) is used as a reference substance, and the temperature difference between the two is measured while heating the reference substance and the sample at a constant rate in an electric furnace. (3) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): This is an improved version of the DTA method. When even the slightest temperature difference occurs in a sample compared to a reference material, a compensation heater is used to immediately cancel out the temperature difference, and the power supplied to the heater at that time is recorded. [Yoshio Narusawa] measurementHere we will describe an example of measuring calcium oxalate monohydrate, CaC 2 O 4・H 2 O, using equipment that can simultaneously perform TG and DTA. The TG curve, which shows temperature on the horizontal axis and weight on the vertical axis, shows the first plateau without any change from room temperature to about 100°C, but from about 150°C it gradually loses one molecule of water of crystallization, and becomes anhydrous salt above 200°C. CaC 2 O 4・H 2 O―→CaC 2 O 4 +H 2 O↑ (1) CaC 2 O 4 ―→CaCO 3 +CO↑ (2) CaCO 3 ―→CaO+CO 2 ↑ (3) As mentioned above, simultaneous measurement of TG and DTA allows the detailed understanding of the thermal decomposition of a substance. However, technical improvements have been made in terms of the use of minute amounts of sample and constant rate heating, and DSC is gradually replacing DTA. Here is an example where TG and DSC were used together to study the thermal decomposition process of hexaammonium heptamolybdate (ammonium paramolybdate) tetrahydrate (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24・4H 2 O.
When heat is applied to a substance from the outside, chemical changes such as thermal decomposition or phenomena such as phase transitions occur, resulting in the absorption or release of heat. When such phenomena occur, when a constant amount of heat is supplied per unit time, the rate at which the temperature of the substance rises changes, and it is also possible to determine whether a phenomenon such as a phase transition is endothermic or exothermic. It is an important tool in alloy research, and is also often used in fields such as the identification and confirmation of organic compounds using techniques such as DTA-GC, which combines differential thermal analysis and gas chromatography, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction-DTA, as well as the identification and confirmation and structural research of organometallic compounds and complexes. [Yoshio Narusawa] "New Edition of Thermal Analysis" edited by Kobe Hirotaro and Ozawa Tsuyoshi (1992, Kodansha)" ▽ "Handbook of Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis" edited by the Japanese Society of Calorimetry (1998, Maruzen)" ▽ "Chemical Handbook: Basics" revised 4th edition edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (1993, Maruzen)" ▽ "Basic Chemistry Selection 7: Instrumental Analysis" 3rd edition by Tanaka Masayuki and Iida Yoshio (1996, Shokabo)" ▽ "Latest Thermal Measurement - From Basics to Applications" edited by ULVAC R&D, supervised by Hatta Ichiro (2003, Agne Technology Center)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物質の温度を変えてゆくことにより、その物質になんらかの物理的・化学的変化の現れるのを検出して分析を行う方法、および混合することにより熱的変化を生じる液体を混合し、その熱的挙動を分析する温度滴定法の総称。 [成澤芳男] 原理(1)熱重量測定thermogravimetry(TG) 熱天秤(てんびん)により連続的に温度―試料の質量変化曲線を測定する方法。熱天秤は一般に精密天秤と、時間とともに直線的に温度が上昇するようにつくられた炉および記録計よりなる。 (2)示差熱分析differencial thermal analysis(DTA) 加熱によって異常熱変化をおこさないもの(アルミナ、石英など。これらを熱的中性物質という)を基準物質とし、試料とともに電気炉中で一定速度で加熱しながら、両者間の温度差を測定する方法。 (3)示差走査熱量測定differencial scanning calorimetry(DSC) DTA法を改良したもので、基準物質に比べ試料に温度差が少しでも生じると、補償ヒーターを用いてただちにその温度差を打ち消すようにし、その際ヒーターに供給した電力を記録する方法。 [成澤芳男] 測定TGとDTAが同時に行える装置を用いたシュウ酸カルシウム1水塩CaC2O4・H2Oの測定例について述べる。横軸に温度、縦軸に重量を示すTG曲線は室温から100℃程度までなんの変化もおこらず第一の平坦(へいたん)部を示すが、150℃程度より徐々に1分子の結晶水を失って、200℃を超えたところで無水塩となる。 CaC2O4・H2O―→CaC2O4+H2O↑ (1) CaC2O4―→CaCO3+CO↑ (2) CaCO3―→CaO+CO2↑ (3) 前記のようにTGとDTAを同時に測定すれば、物質の熱分解のようすがつぶさにわかる。しかし、試料の微量化と定速昇温という点で技術的に改良がなされDSCがDTAにとってかわりつつある。七モリブデン酸六アンモニウム(パラモリブデン酸アンモニウム)4水塩(NH4)6Mo7O24・4H2Oの熱分解過程の研究にTGとDSCが併用された例を示す。
物質に外部から熱を与えるとき、熱分解などの化学変化や、相転移のような現象がおこる場合には熱の吸収または放出がおこる。このような現象のあるときは、単位時間当り一定の速度で熱量を供給するとき、物質の温度上昇速度に変化がおこり、また相転移のような現象においても吸熱か発熱かの判定ができる。合金の研究においては重要な手段の一つであり、そのほか、示差熱分析とガスクロマトグラフィーを併用したDTA‐GCや、高温X線回折‐DTAなどの技術による有機化合物の同定、確認とか、有機金属化合物や錯体の同定、確認、構造研究といった分野によく利用されるようになった。 [成澤芳男] 『神戸博太郎・小沢丈夫編『新版 熱分析』(1992・講談社)』▽『日本熱測定学会編『熱量測定・熱分析ハンドブック』(1998・丸善)』▽『日本化学会編『化学便覧 基礎編』改訂4版(1993・丸善)』▽『田中誠之・飯田芳男著『基礎化学選書7 機器分析』3訂版(1996・裳華房)』▽『八田一郎監修、アルバック理工編『最新熱測定――基礎から応用まで』(2003・アグネ技術センター)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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